Septic Shock And Kidney Injury Health And Social Care Essay

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS ) is expressed as febrility or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea which may be associated with leucocytosis or leukopenia. SIRS generates broad spread inflammatory reaction in organic structure in response to external abuse which is protective for an person when its effects are restricted to pathogens, in other state of affairss inflammatory reactions are hurtful when they are directed against normal tissues in add-on to pathogens. [ 1,2 ] SIRS can ensue from legion conditions but termed as Sepsis, merely when infection sets in and morbific agent is detected. Sepsis consequences from an single response to external infection, which begins with systemic redness ab initio, followed by curdling abnormalcies and eventually deranged fibrinolysis. When sepsis causes one or more organ disfunction, the syndrome is termed Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome ( MODS ) or terrible sepsis. [ 3 ] Sepsis-induced hypotension which is furnace lining to f luid boluses is termed Septic daze. Hypothermia associated with infected daze indicates hapless tegument and visceral perfusion, is normally associated with hapless forecast and high mortality rates of up to 30 to 40 % . Several serum biomarkers suggested holding diagnostic or predictive value in infected daze, but a unequivocal biomarker for everyday clinical usage is yet to be identified. One such marker is serum lactate which indicates pronounced hypoperfusion and tissue hypoxia in infected daze. Similarly serum Creatinine should besides be considered as marker of lessening organ perfusion in sepsis and Acute Kidney Injury should be regarded as index of ongoing organ harm and likely possibility of oncoming of infected daze. [ 4 ] AKI is due to sudden and drastic decrease in kidney map ( within 48 hours ) characterized by absolute addition in serum Creatinine ( & gt ; 50 % from baseline ) or a decrease in urine end product ( oliguria of & lt ; 0.5 ml/kg/hour for & gt ; 6 hours ) . Nephritic hypoperfusion and ischaemia during infected daze amendss nephritic tubules taking to acute cannular mortification ( ATN ) and have been demonstrated to be a common etiologic factor for AKI development during sepsis [ 5,6 ] . ATN was found to be a consistent histopathological determination in these patients, this would strongly propose that ischaemia and nephritic tubular cell mortification are likely an of import pathogenetic mechanism. [ 7,8 ] Acute kidney hurt have marked impact on the result of critically sick patients. Disease badness tonss such as the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation ( APACHE II ) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment mark ( SOFA ) both have included nephritic disfunction as forecaster of morbidity and mortality ; on the other manus liver disfunction tonss, coagulopathy, thrombocytes and other critical organ maps are non much stressed in APACHE II hiting system. To set up a unvarying definition of nephritic harm, RIFLE categorization was formulated which characterizes Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage Kidney ( RIFLE ) . [ 9 ] An of import facet of the RIFLE categorization is that it grades the badness of acute kidney hurt on the footing of alterations in serum creatinine and urine end product from the baseline status. [ 10 ] Urine end product is an of import physiologic mark of organic structure fluid position, and unstable instability is common in critically sick patients due to extravasation of fluid into extravascular infinite or due to 3rd infinite losingss and eventually the nephritic disfunction. This farther suggest that reduced organ perfusion in infected daze plays a cardinal function in development of AKI taking to cut down creatinine clearance and increased serum creatinine degrees. [ 11,12 ] In this survey we compared increasing serum creatinine degrees with plasma lactates and SOFA tonss to observe oncoming of sepsis and infected daze and to prove the hypothesis that ongoing acute kidney hurt can bespeak reduced organ perfusion and oncoming of infected daze in critically sick patients.Patients and Methods:This survey was carried out to happen a correlativity between lifting serum creatinine degrees and oncoming of infected daze in 115 critically sick patients admitted in ICU and were managed following Surviving Sepsis guidelines. [ 13 ] Human ethical blessing was taken by the institutional moralss commission. Written informed consents were obtained from control topics and patients or their relations. The control groups were the healthy relations attach toing the patient. Entire 90 controls were taken, among them 65 were males and 25 females with a mean ( SD ) age of 36.5 ( 8 ) old ages. Among patient group 67 were males and 48 females with mean ( SD ) age 37.5 ( 6 ) old ages. Patients included in our survey had either of the undermentioned characteristics: ( 1 ) Clinical characteristics proposing infection ; ( 2 ) Core temperature & gt ; 38AÂ °C or & lt ; 35AÂ °C ; ( 3 ) Heart beats & gt ; 100/min ; ( 4 ) Respiratory rates & gt ; 30 breaths/min or demand for supportive mechanical airing and ( 5 ) Inadequate organ map or daze within 12 hours of registration. Patients excluded were: ( 1 ) aged patients older than 75 old ages ; ( 2 ) NYHA category III or IV patients ; ( 3 ) liver inadequacy ( Child C ) ; ( 4 ) HIV, HBsAg positive serology, Cancer patients. Demographic characteristics like age, sex, primary site of infection, morbific beings and disease badness scores including Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Scores ( APACHE II ) and Sequential Organ system Failure Assessment mark ( SOFA ) were recorded for each patient ‘s at the clip of admittance in ICU and later. The plasma of these patients was tested for serum creatinine and lactates degrees at the clip of entry in ICU, so after every 24 hours till their stay in ICU. All the samples collected and patient inside informations gathered during the survey were coded to look into for prejudice and patient confidentiality was maintained as per the guidelines for surveies of human patients. Blood sample aggregation: First blood sample was collected prior to get down of antimicrobic, steroid therapy or vasopressors. Blood samples were collected from cardinal venous line ( 9 milliliter ) into sterilized tubings incorporating 1ml trisodium citrate ( TSC ) at the clip of patient admittance I ICU and later. Plasma was separated by extractor at 10,000 revolutions per minute for 15 min. The plasma was stored at -70AÂ °C for farther analysis and repeated freezing melt of samples was avoided in order to forestall debasement of plasma.Statistical analysis:The informations were analyzed by nonparametric analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) with Newman-Keuls multiple comparing post-test. The relation between serum creatinine degrees, plasma lactates and APACHE & A ; SOFA mark was tested by finding the Pearson correlativity coefficient ( R ) . A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered important. Entire information recordings were obtained in triplicate and consequences of computation s are reported as agencies and criterion divergence up to two denary points. All statistical analyses were performed with the Graph Pad InStat 5.0 demo plan ( Graph Pad Software, USA ) .Consequences:Among 115 patients admitted in ICU during the period April 2009 to May 2010, 45 patients were of SIRS, 39 patients were in sepsis and 31 patients in province of infected daze ( Table 1 ) . Sepsis was diagnosed on the footing of specific civilization studies from assorted possible sites of infection, including blood civilization study. Out of 115 patients studied there were 67 male patients and 48 females with a mean ( SD ) age of 37.5 ( 6 ) old ages. Mean serum creatinine degrees in healthy control group was 0.83 AÂ ± 0.26 mg/dl, runing from 0.4 to 1.6 mg/dl. In SIRS group, the average serum creatinine degrees were 3.45 AÂ ± 1.26 mg/dl, runing from 1.2 to 6.2 mg/dl ( Figure 1 ) . The APACHE II and SOFA score correlated linearly with serum creatinine degrees ( r2=0.74, P & lt ; 0.001 for APACHE & A ; r2=0.69, P & lt ; 0.001 for SOFA ; Figure2 ) bespeaking nephritic hurt with badness of redness. In sepsis patients average degrees were 7.15 AÂ ± 1.3, runing from 4.0 to 9.3 mg/dl. Pearson ‘s coefficient showed additive correlativity of serum creatinine and sepsis badness tonss ( r2 = 0.65, P & lt ; 0.001 for APACHE and r2 = 0.62, P & lt ; 0.001 for SOFA ; Figure2 ) . In patients of infected daze with nephritic disfunction really high serum creatinine degrees were observed with mean of 10.31 AÂ ± 2.29 mg/dl with values runing from 6.0 to 15.2 mg/dl, these values were significantly ( P & lt ; 0.01 ) higher than those with sep sis ( 7.01 AÂ ± 1.3 mg/dl ) , SIRS ( 3.49 AÂ ± 1.10 mg/dl ) and the control group ( 0.83 AÂ ± 0.26 mg/dl ) . Detection of metabolic acidosis in arterial blood gas analysis was evaluated farther by blood lactate appraisal ( Figure 3 ) . Blood lactate degrees in SIRS group were ( 5.14 AÂ ± 1.24mmol/L ) with scope from 2.2 to 7.8 mmol/L. Similarly blood lactate degrees in sepsis ( 7.73 AÂ ± 1.4mmol/L ) and infected daze group ( 9.53 AÂ ± 1.2mmol/L ) were significantly high ( 95 % CI in sepsis 7.25 to 8.21 ; daze 8.9 to 10.16 mmol/L ) . In control group mean values were 0.93 AÂ ± 0.39mmol/L ( 95 % CI 0.84 to 1.0 mmol/L ) . In order to detect a relation between extent of nephritic hurt and oncoming of infected daze, creatinine clearance ( taken as step of nephritic map ) was so compared with blood lactate degrees ( taken as index of anaerobiotic metamorphosis and daze ) , Pearson ‘s coefficient showed reverse relation between lifting lactate degrees and Creatinine clearance in patients with terrible sepsis and infected daze ( Figure 4 ; r2=0.48, P & lt ; 0.001in sepsis ; r2=0.56, P & l t ; 0.001in infected daze ) . The patients included in this survey were non given any nephrotoxic drugs and drug dose were modified as per criterion chronic nephritic disease guideline to forestall farther nephritic hurt [ 14 ] .Discussion:Patients come oning to infected daze during their stay in ICU may hold altered sensorium, deranged liver map, malabsorption syndrome or may hold respiratory trouble. It was observed in our survey that all such patients with infected daze have one common characteristic of crazed kidney map with AKI. The pathophysiology of AKI in infected daze is ill understood due to miss of histopathologic information, which in bend requires nephritic biopsy to observe any parenchymal or vascular alterations in nephritic tissue ; such biopsies are non routinely performed in most ICU set up. [ 15,16 ] In absence of such information, we performed an indirect appraisal of nephritic map during oncoming of infected daze. These observations were based on serum creatinin e degrees and creatinine clearance which was so correlated with disease badness tonss ( APACHE II and SOFA ) and serum lactate degrees ( index of anaerobiotic metamorphosis and daze ) . Assorted carnal surveies of AKI have been done which helps in more complex and invasive measurings of nephritic maps. [ 17 ] Most of these carnal surveies were based on either ischemia-reperfusion hurt or drug induced hurt and informations generated from such surveies may assist us in understanding the pathophysiology in a infected patient with AKI. A major paradigm developed from these observations in animate beings and worlds with daze is that AKI is due to nephritic hypoperfusion and ischaemia. This fact supported our position of utilizing AKI as index for decreased organ perfusion and oncoming of infected daze. [ 18 ] Under basal conditions blood flow to kidney is 360 ml/min/100gm of tissue where as blood flow to encephalon ( 50ml/min/100gm ) , bosom ( 70ml/min/100gm ) , lungs ( 25ml/min/100gm ) and liver ( 95ml/min/100gm ) . [ 19 ] Among all the variety meats, kidneys have really high flow rates, approximately three times higher than other critical variety meats, therefore metab olic maps of kidneys were more likely to be affected earliest by decrease in blood flow during infected daze, this may ensue non merely in a decrease in glomerular filtration but besides, in metabolic impairment perchance doing cell decease, acute cannular mortification and terrible AKI. [ 20 ] Glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) is governed by glomerular filtration force per unit area, which in bend is determined by the relationship between the sensory nerve and motorial arteriolas. When the sensory nerve arteriola constricts due to hypoxia in infected daze, glomerular filtration force per unit area will fall and urine end product and GFR will besides diminish, ensuing reduced creatinine clearance and increased serum creatinine. [ 21 ] Arterial lactate concentration correlates with badness of infected daze and reflects metabolic changes associated with hemodynamic via media. Therefore, the association between high lactate degree and diminishing creatinine clearance are built-in to the badness of the daze and of multi-organ failure. [ 22 ] In add-on, epinephrine extract during infected daze besides enhances lactate production by itself ; the higher adrenaline dosage required in more terrible patients may besides hold contributed to this association. Following the natural history of infected daze in most ICU, it is impossible to happen patients deceasing of infected daze but without nephritic failure, the huge bulk of patients deceasing of multiorgan failure has a outstanding nephritic constituent and requires nephritic replacing therapy during their class in ICU. Renal biopsy during infected daze is non performed routinely because of important hazards owing to azotemic or infected coagulopathy and patient instability. However, this restriction does non impair the relevancy of our observations sing the pathophysiology of infected daze, as kidneys have highest blood flow per gm of tissue and AKI is changeless characteristic of terminal phase multiorgan failure so any via media in nephritic map in critically sick patients should be considered as indicant of decreased organ map and likely oncoming of infected daze.Decision:Kidneies are invariably involved in multiorgan failure of infected daze. Nephritic lesions associated with AKI in infected daze are more complex than the simple ague cannular hurt, so reduced creatinine clearance should be regarded as index of underlying mechanism of decreased organ perfusion and likely possibility of oncoming of infected daze in critically sick patients. Recognition: We thank ICMR, New Delhi for patronizing the MD PhD undertaking. Furthermore we thank Professor Shally Awasthi, Faculty Incharge, Research Cell CSMMU, Lucknow for her changeless moral support and counsel to research chaps.Table 1:Control( n=90 )Sir( n=45 )Sepsis( n=39 )Septic daze( n=31 )Age ( old ages ) 38.5AÂ ±8 37.3AÂ ±4 36.2AÂ ±7 39.1AÂ ±4 Heart rate ( beats/min ) 94AÂ ±2.3 116 AÂ ± 16 118 AÂ ± 32 124 AÂ ± 32 Respiratory rate ( breaths/min ) 16AÂ ±3.2 30 AÂ ± 8 24 AÂ ± 6 28 AÂ ± 4 Mean Blood Pressure ( mm Hg ) 90 AÂ ±10.2 89.2 AÂ ± 14.3 98.3 AÂ ± 12.5 68.8 AÂ ± 23.3 Serum Creatinine ( mg/dl ) 0.8AÂ ±2.3 3.49 AÂ ± 1.1 7.0 AÂ ± 1.3 10.12 AÂ ± 2.2 Lactates ( mM/L ) 0.93 AÂ ± 0.39 5.14 AÂ ± 1.24 7.73 AÂ ± 1.4 9.53 AÂ ± 1.2 APACHE II mark–25.23AÂ ±6.6 28.03AÂ ±6.2 30.0AÂ ±6.3 SOFA mark–10.89AÂ ±3.4 13.52AÂ ±3.2 13.11AÂ ±2.8Legends:Table 1: Patients demographic features ( Mean AÂ ± SD ) Figure 1: Average serum creatinine ( mg/dl ) . Differences in average plasma degrees among each group was statistically important ( ** P & lt ; 0.001 ) Figure 2: Serum creatinine degrees increased as the badness of disease increased, it correlated linearly with disease badness tonss ( APACHE II & A ; SOFA ) . Figure 3: Average blood lactate ( mM/L ) . Differences in average blood degrees among each group was statistically important ( ** P & lt ; 0.001 ) . Figure 4: Creatinine clearance compared with lifting blood lactate degrees. It correlated reciprocally with blood lactate degrees.

Elements of a Contract Scenario Essay

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Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

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What Makes Someone a Hero Essay Example for Free

What Makes Someone a Hero Essay Father is the first person who I remind of hero. My father gives me a live, as human in order to see the social world. He protects me and take cares of me with his love and his sincere. He instructs me to be a good person. So, my father is my hero. When I was young, my father took care of me as well as my mother. I was showered, dressed me up by him. After school my father always asked about my homework. And when I had a problem with my homework; science , mathematics , Thai even English. My father can be my consult. He could explain and help me for my homework. He gave many suggestions and examples to make me understand. My father gives me the suggestion to live in the society. He told me many aspects in the society, harmful things even the harmful person. He told me how to aware of those thing. He said: â€Å"Nowadays, the society is more dangerous than the past. † You should aware of strangers and you must avoid to go to the place which is endanger. You must look around and aware of everything which is suspicious. † He protects me from danger. When I was eight years old. I drowned in the hotel swimming pool. In that moment, I thought, I will not survive. With my father’s subconscious, he jumped into the swimming pool and pool me up from the deep. He might die from that situation because he is not good at swimming at all. That time I realized that he was my hero. He doesn’t like the Hollywood hero or the cartoon hero; he is my hero, only my. He is a good model. Since I was born, I feel of his loves. He never hates me when I annoyed him. In his whole life, he works hard. He is a great leader of the family. I should imitate him. I considered him as my inspiration to be a good person. Especially, about honesty, he said, â€Å"Honesty is a good habit that the good person must have. † My father is my hero that really have in the real world. This is not the imagine. He does not walk out from the superhero cartoons or the Hollywood movies. He is not handsome like a star. He is not rich as a billionaire but he can pay any things for his kids even his life. That makes him to be my super hero.

Psychological Benefits of Sports on Youth

Psychological Benefits of Sports on Youth Jonathan Johnson Taking part in game can enhance the personal satisfaction of people and groups, push social consideration, enhance health, counter hostile to social conduct, raise singular respect toward oneself and certainty, and augment skylines. (sportscotland, 2003, p7) Consistent interest in physical movement (PA) is basic for great health. Animated individuals profit from larger amounts of health-related fitness and are at easier danger of creating numerous distinctive handicapping therapeutic conditions than idle individuals. It is broadly recognized that the health profits of interest in PA are not restricted to physical health additionally fuse mental segments. Far reaching exploration has brought about clear suggestions of the level of PA needed to prepare health profits. There are particular health-related proposals for youngsters and youths different from those for grown-ups. For individuals matured 5–17 years it is proposed that they attempt moderate or incredible exercises for no less than 60 minutes for every day. Customary support of this level of action by youngsters and youths can bring about expanded physical fitness, decreased muscle to fat ratio ratios, great cardiovascular and metabolic malady danger profiles, upgraded bone health and decreased manifestations of wretchedness and tension. Whilst numerous diverse health profits of support in PA are recognized, the lions share of examination has centered on the physical health profits of support in PA, with less research concentrated on the mental and social health angles. Despite the fact that mental health profits have been referenced in late rules, to date lacking proof blocks decisions about the negligible or ideal sorts or measures of physical action for mental health (Part G Section 8 p39) Despite the fact that the World Health Organization definition of health (2006) consolidates physical, mental and social health areas, the examination giving proof to the PA rules does not particularly address social health. On the other hand, the expositive expression briefing PA rules does propose that viewpoints, for example, social help may help a percentage of the descriptions of mental health results. The addressed to mental or social health profits from sport. In this setting, the accompanying definitions were received: sport a human movement of accomplishing a effect obliging physical effort or physical expertise which, by its temperament and association, is aggressive and is for the most part acknowledged as being a sport. health – a state of complete physical, mental and social prosperity and not just the non appearance of sickness and ailment; mental of alternately alluding to the brain or to the procedures of the brain, for example, considering, feeling, sensing, and the like(p475) mental health – Mental Health alludes to an expansive exhibit of exercises specifically or by implication identified with the mental prosperity part included in the WHOs meaning of health†¦ It is identified with the advancement of prosperity, the counteractive action of mental issue, and the medication furthermore recovery of individuals influenced by mental scatters social: I dentifying with the associations of people, especially as parts of an aggregation or a group (p475); social health: That extent of a singulars prosperity that concerns how he gets alongside other individuals, how other individuals respond to him, and how he associates with social establishments and societal mores. (p 152). In this study, we likewise utilized the accompanying terms: mental – as an equivalent word for mental; furthermore psychosocial †¦ any circumstance in which both mental and social elements are expected to play a part (p638). Sports is a physical activity which sets on rules and help to maintained individual health by different In the world sports is a very popular activity which is play important physical, psychological and social development significances for those children and youth involved. Children and Youth are mentally and physically fit those are participating in sports. Sports are supposed to play a main part in improving children’s health and good for years to come. According to an author (Price-Mitchell, 2014) idea of youth sports have reason that sports helps children in developed teamwork abilities, make person self-confidence, it also helps in overcome the trauma and any injury, build good character and other personal strengths. (Price-Mitchell, 2014) THE EXTRAPOLATION OF ACHIEVEMENT inspiration hypothesis to the domain of focused games has fixated on the two operational ideas of dispositional parts of accomplishment objectives (undertaking and personality inclusion) and situational parts of accomplishment objectives (dominance and execution group atmosphere; Duda, 1992; Duda Nicholls, 1992; Roberts, 1992). Errand and inner self objective viewpoints are thought to reflect the way in which a player translates triumph, disappointment, and subsequently his or her level of games capability. Training specialists have found that assignment included people naturally characterize capability as far as referenced toward oneself benchmarks of execution, for example, undertaking dominance, satisfaction of potential, and aptitude change (Ames Archer, 1988; Nicholls, 1984, 1992), while personality included people judge individual skill on the support of other-referenced measures, for example, beating adversaries and exhibiting predominant cap acity (Jagacinski Nicholls, 1987; Nicholls, 1989). The specific accomplishment objective introduction that a competitor embraces may be influenced by situational elements display inside the evaluative setting (Duda, 1992). Authority and execution situated atmospheres inside the classroom have been joined to errand included and sense of self included intentions, separately, prescribing that motivational atmosphere assumes a persuasive part in the advancement of singular objective introductions around scholars (Ames Archer, 1988). An authority atmosphere has a tendency to advertise positive influence at the class, more versatile taking in methodologies, and more stupendous test looking for practices around its understudies, although an execution atmosphere empowers regularizing or other-referenced norms of victory that regularly process easier recognized capacity in learners consequent to disappointment results (Ames, 1992; Ames Archer, 1988). Understanding what factors influence positive youth development has been advocated by youth development researchers ((P. L. Benson, 2006; J. S. Eccles J. A. Gootman, 2002).) Body Mental studies on the quality of youth games offer wide bits of knowledge into youngster advancement and frequently repudiate each other. Since nobody youngster is precisely like an alternate, folks who comprehend the profits and pitfalls of games and who give careful consideration to the unique necessities of their kids are more inclined to bring children that flourish up in life. Generally, studies show three critical parts of games support that influence positive youth advancement force, coherence, and equalization. A synthesis of every one of the three offers the best profits to children..( Mitchell, 2012) Intensity The measure of time kids use completing games every week is especially imperative to if they accept positive developmental results from their support. Kids who invest more of an opportunity in games exercises have more amazing profits than youth who partake at easier levels or not in the slightest degree. With more terrific time duty, youngsters create better dominance of abilities and predominant information of strategies and technique. This can prompt the advancement of key speculation which is useful in all parts of life, including the capacity to discover and outperform in the occupation market. Nobody can let you know how long of games for every week is the ideal measure. The significant taking in is that kids who make a guarantee to normal practice accept more amazing developmental profits. The security and span of how youngsters take part over their juvenile years is additionally essential. Studies infer that discontinuous support throughout the center and secondary school years is not as gainful as persistent commitment. Setting aside a few minutes encourages the probability that kids will overcome tests and obstructions in their execution. They additionally have more stupendous chances to connect with buddies, figuring out how to adapt to the interpersonal tests of working with others. This is a significant part of creating activity, an inner quality that endures a lifetime. Maybe the most paramount of the three parts of youth games interest is to attain a harmony between games and different exercises. Studies demonstrate that more terrific developmental conclusions are accomplished by kids who invest time in exercises other than their predominant games hunts. It is not so much the amounts of exercises in which youth take an interest yet rather that they have outlets past games. Case in point, one study discovered youth who took part in games and school clubs had easier rates of melancholy than children who centered solely on games. Different studies prescribe that youngsters who partake in exercises that present certifiable tests, such as volunteering in their groups, attain more terrific developmental profits. These exercises urge youth to create a community character and see a world past a session of winning and losing. References Holt, N. L. (Ed.). (2008).Positive youth development through sport. New York, NY: Routledge. Marilyn Price-Mitchell, PhD,is a developmental psychologist working at the intersection of youth development,leadership,education, and civic engagement. C. D. Jensen,C. C. Cushing,A. R. Elledge,Associations Between Teasing,Quality of life and Physical Activity Among Preadolescent Children,Journal of Pediatric Psychology,2014,39,1,65 Niek Pot,Niels Schenk,Ivo Van Hilvoorde,School sports and identity formation: Socialisation or selection?,European Journal of Sports Science,2014,1 Theokas, C. (2009). Youth sport participation: A view of the issues.Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 303-306. Zaff, J. F., Moore, K. A., Papillo, A.R., Williams, S. (2003). Implications of extracurricular activity participation duringadolescenceon positive outcomes.Journal of Adolescent Research, 18, 599-630. Lesyk, J. (1998). Retrieved from http://www.sportpsych.org/nine-mental-skills-overview Price-Mitchell, M. 2014. The Psychology ofYouth Sports.The Moment of YouthHelping teensbelieve in themselves. Sallis J, Owen N: Ecological models of health behavior. In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, research, and practice. Edited by Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2002:462–485. Kriemler S, Meyer U, Martin E, van Sluijs EMF, Andersen LB, Martin BW: Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents: a review of reviews and systematic update. Br J Sports Med 2011, 45(11):923–930 Australian Bureau of Statistics: Defining sport and physical activity, a conceptual model. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2008. Shields and Bredemeier, â€Å"Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,† p. 590. Shields and Bredemeier, â€Å"Moral Development and Behavior in Sport,† p. 593. US Department of Health and Human Services: Physical activity guidelines advisory Committee report; 2008. Available from http://www.health.gov/ paguidelines/report/. Janssen I: Physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007, 32:S109–S121. Oja P, Bull F, Fogelholm M, Martin B: Physical activity recommendations for health: what should Europe do? BMC Public Health 2010, 10:10. US Department of Health and Human Services: Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans; 2008. Available from: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/ guidelines/. Zimmermann-Sloutskis D, Wanner M, Zimmermann E, Martin B: Physical activity levels and determinants of change in young adults: a longitudinal panel study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2010, 7:2. Department of Health and Ageing: Australian National Childrens Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey: Main Findings, 2008. Department of Health and Ageing: Canberra; 2007. Tammelin T, Nayha S, Hills A, Javelin MR: Adolescent participation in  sports and adult physical activity. Am J Prev Med 2003, 24(1):22–28.

Cults And Jews :: essays research papers

Cults And Jews   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cults are becoming more and more of an issue for Jews every day. Many cults are beginning to target Jews. They say you can believe in Jesus yet remain a Jew, or many other things like that. It is important for people to educate themselves of these cults and their recruiting techniques so that they will not be taken advantage of by these cults. Cults now are very different than they were in ancient times though. The Jews, rather than being targeted by cults, were themselves a cult. In fact they were one of the first documented cults. Now, Judaism is not considered a cult, it is a religion. Back in the ancient days many aspects of the Israelites’ laws made them a cult. The Israelites had sacrifices for many occasions. Sin-offerings, guilt offering, fellowship, votive, freewill, dedicatory, and ordination are all documented reasons for sacrifices to God. These sacrifices are what made the ancient Israelites different from the modern day Jewish people. Those sacrifices are also what made the ancient Israelites a cult instead of being a religion like now. After the destruction of the second temple sacrifice was replaced with prayer and prayer still stands now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mishna discusses the different sacrifices the Israelites made and the reasons they were made. The rabbis say that sacrifices were not a bad thing. Because the sacrifices were made to God and represented different things between God and the people, the sacrifices were allowed. Sacrifices were made for apologies to God, for holidays and many other purposes, but they were always animal sacrifices and they were always to God. These two aspects permitted the offerings. Because they were animal offerings, not human, the offerings were not too gore-filled. And since the offerings were made to God, it is not a person, but an all-powerful being. It makes sense to make offerings to God because God created the people and guided them. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate dictionary defines cult as: 1 : formal religious veneration : Worship. 2 : a system of religious beliefs and ritual; also : its body of adherents. 3 : a religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious; also : its body of adherents. 4 : a system for the cure of disease based on dogma set forth by its promulgator . 5 a : great devotion to a person, idea, object, movement, or work (as a film or book); especially : such devotion regarded as a literary or intellectual fad b : a usually small group of people characterized by such devotion.

Classical Design Elements In Architecture Essay -- essays papers

Classical Design Elements In Architecture Throughout history, Classical ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans have been prevalent in all facets of art. In architecture this is especially true. A few of the Classical ideals employed in architecture are colonnaded porticoes, domed centers and symmetrical designs. Architects such as Andrea di Pietro, Christopher Wren and Thomas Jefferson used these Classical design elements in their respective works. These highly regarded individuals were architects of the Mannerist, Baroque and Neo-Classical Ages respectively. They each used Classical design elements in their architecture to portray a sense of simplicity and harmony in their work, as well as to reflect Classical ideals of order and mathematical proportion. Andrea di Pietro, an architect of the Mannerist Age, employed the elements of Classical design in his works to achieve simplicity and harmony. â€Å"The preeminent architect of the Mannerist style was Andrea di Pietro, known as Palladio†(Matthews And Platt 340). The work that Palladio is most synonymous with is the Villa Capra, also known as the Villa Rotunda. The Villa Rotunda, based on the Classical design of a Roman farmhouse, was built for a wealthy Venetian (Matthews and Platt 340,341). The Villa highlights Classical principles of architecture in a number of ways. Palladio employed the use of colonnaded porticoes in the Villa, a covered porch supported by columns, which is typically located at the front of...

The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde and a Selection of Sherlock

In this essay the representation of the city will be explored in the writing style of the Fin de sià ¨cle. This essay will investigate The Picture of Dorian Grey by Oscar Wilde and a selection of Sherlock Holmes stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Both books represent the city differently in some aspects, and in others, share similarities. Point one: dirty Dorian Gray is set in the late 19th century, in the middle of the decadent artistic movement, meaning Dorian would have been a fictitious contemporary of Wilde. Although the Victorian period was plagued with conservative views , Wilde has used Dorian to express the double standards those of the city’s elite indulge. Dorian sees between both ends of the social scales. But despite Dorian disapproving/disgusted he still visits the ‘narrow and gloomy’(Wilde,182) streets of the east end. As Richard Elman agrees ‘between these two worlds, no decent or comfortable middle classes , no quite family life, no dormitory sections in wildes vision of the big city’(p51). Dorian seems ignorant to the plight of people around him less fortunate. He uses this depressing environment as escapism, despite being inescapable to the poor people who live in the area whom opium dens, prostitution and filth are a reality. (Elman,154) P2-Sherlock Holmes-copper beeches) An alternative view of being able to disguise is that it is hard to realise that Holmes is one of these disguised people too. Holmes is a rational man in his work, but outside of that he is a drug addict, who ‘stores his tobacco in eccentric places like the toe of a Persian slipper’ (19th Century suspense, 93).In a city of thousands, Sherlock can easily flit in and out of society. Holmes is aware that vast amounts of crime happens everywh... ...ood, which means allot of things, are overlooked. The city environment allows him to seem as if he is a functioning like any other member of decent society. As this essay has shown, both texts use a variety of methods to show the opinions of the time and author. Wilde uses his character to portray the double standards and decadence of the age. While Doyle similarity uses Sherlock and Watson as moral compasses. Although on the face of it both Dorian and Sherlock seem polar opposites, they do share similarities; the city is seen as a corruptible force by the authors. Some people fight this, like Holmes and Watson, but others cannot or will not as in Dorians case. In the end, the city changes its inhabitants whether they like it or not. Works Cited http://www.angelfire.com/ok5/perceivers/images/Scandal.pdf http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1661/1661-h/1661-h.htm#1

Marketing Plan for Redbox Essay

Redbox is a DVD/Blu-Ray rental company which utilizes kiosk machines placed in convenient, high-traffic locations. The first Redbox kiosk was opened by McDonald’s in 2002. Redbox was later purchased by Coinstar, Inc. , and over the years, Redbox has rented over one billion movies and has grown to more than 27,000 locations in restaurants, grocery stores, pharmacies and convenience stores nationwide. Redbox proves to be a very unique way to rent DVD’s and by the nature of Redbox’s rental process, most businesses would benefit from the increased traffic generated by having a kiosk machine at their location. This type of relationship proves to be a win-win situation for both Redbox and the businesses which are housing the kiosk machine. Redbox’s primary target market proves to be the busy, I don’t have time to visit Blockbuster or login to Netflix type of consumer. There kiosk machines are located in common shopping locations which lend themselves to the â€Å"lazy† consumer. Furthermore, Redbox is also targeting the casual movie watcher who isn’t necessarily intending on renting a movie. In a way Redbox has turned renting movies into an impulse item. As a result, Redbox provides consumers with a service never seen before and has emerged as one of the largest DVD rental chains in the world. Redbox’s marketing mix is simple, unique, and clever. They have successfully turned a shopping item into a convenience item. Times have changed since the first movie rental store, Magnetic Video, was opened during 1977 in Los Angeles, California. During that time home personal computers were barely seen and the internet was nowhere on the horizon, so movie rental stores with good customer service provided the consumer with knowledge about the movies they were interested in. However, in today’s fast moving, information crazed world, consumers can obtain better information on the fly with there Blackberry, iPhone, or any other internet ready handheld device. Obviously Redbox recognized that consumers generally already know what movies they want to watch and they do not need to visit a movie rental location to get these hot new DVD releases. Not only does Redbox provide a unique service, they provide it at a low cost at convenient locations. Most movie rental stores charge $4-5 to rent a new release for approximately 3 days, whereas Redbox provides a similar service for $1. 29 per night. This is extremely cheap considering most consumers watch their movie rental the same day they rent it. Furthermore, Redbox gets this low cost movie rental product to the consumer through a channel of distribution historically associated with snack foods and soda. By providing movie rentals through vending machines called kiosks located at shopping locations where consumers already go to shop, they have eliminated much of the costs associated with conventional movie rental stores and the need for consumers to make an additional stop just to rent a movie. Since Redbox’s inception, it has experienced enormous growth and profit, but they will need to evolve in order to get ahead of the curve. Although Redbox appears to have established themselves as a formidable competitor to Netflix and Blockbuster, they are facing a gruesome reality. The take-home movie rental business is rapidly losing ground to online streaming video directly to consumers’ homes via the internet. Netflix has already been providing this service for quite some time and both Redbox and Blockbuster are feeling the pressure. Blockbuster, Inc. has already declared bankruptcy and very well may close conventional brick and mortar locations entirely. Redbox will need to change their marketing strategy significantly in order to stay competitive. The industry is changing and Redbox will need to seriously consider providing a viable online streaming video service which can rival Netflix. I propose Redbox should cease all efforts in providing any more kiosk machines so they may focus most of their resources to providing the consumers with what they want, online streaming video. Netflix has already got a head start, but even they will not be an exclusive online service for a few more years. So, Redbox must follow the money if they plan to be in business in the next five years. On the other hand, Redbox also has a golden opportunity to gain a large market share in the gaming industry. Redbox needs to become the first and only company to offer video game rentals through vending machines. Redbox is poised to achieve this goal with little to no effort and with their only possible competitor in this area being Blockbuster, they are sure to make huge profits from offering this service. Redbox already has the distribution channels in place; all they need to do is make a smooth transition from offering DVD’s in the kiosks to offering games. This should be a tiered transition which coincides with their streaming video efforts. In other words, Redbox cannot simply remove DVD’s from the kiosks and replace them with games immediately. As Redbox begins to provide consumers with a reliable, concrete streaming video service at a competitive price, they can slowly remove DVD’s from kiosks and replace them with the hottest new video games on the market. In conclusion, Redbox is currently providing a service which is in its decline stage and they need to consider changing their product mix in order to get ahead of the curve. They can accomplish this by providing consumers with an online streaming video service and becoming a pioneer in the gaming industry. Get Your Game on with Redbox!

Group Project: Academic Insurance Model

Each group acts as an insurance company. You are required to offer an insurance policy to our entire current Health Economics class that insures against a student either getting a grade of ‘C' or lower (including ‘l' turning into ‘F) or withdrawing from the class towards the end of the semester. If either of those happen to a policy holder, you are required to pay that policy holder.You are NOT trying to make a profit, but what is important is that your group try its very best to avoid making a loss. Assume that there are no other costs associated with your business other than paying policy holders who make ‘C' or less or withdraw. Four different scenarios are offered below. Here's what you need to tell me for each (l would also like each group to orally present results to rest of class, don't need any more than 3 minutes): What is the premium that students will have to pay for the policy in this scenario?A brief Justification for the premium (a couple of sent ence is good enough. You can give me the math formula you used too – but don't JUST give me a math formula! ). A final couple of sentence (optional) if you believe that I have given you a situation where it is impossible to avoid making a loss, and why you think that. If you believe this, you may choose not to sell any policies under that scenario. In all cases, there are a total of 30 students who are your potential customers – I. E. Insurance policy buyers.Scenario l: You will be paying students who make ‘C' or less or withdraw the amount of $5000. I can give you this information – that when I teach the regular Master's level version of the class, approximately of all students make C or less, Incomplete that becomes F, or withdraw. Also, I will impose an individual mandate on the class, so that once you do offer the policy, every one of the 30 students will be required to buy this policy (but you only want to break even, no profits). What premium will yo u charge?Please note, in all scenarios you can only hare ONE premium to all customers, no variations allowed. Scenario II: All conditions in the above scenario hold (# of students, what you pay for C or less or withdraw, the individual mandate). However, one more thing is added. Students who get C or less or withdraw can then get tutoring to prepare them for retaking the class later. The tutoring costs $16 an hour, and the insurance policy now also has to pay 50% of each hour of tutoring (I. E. $8 per hour) up to a maximum of 40 hours. This is a new scheme, so I cannot tell you how many students have previously

Best Buy Case Study Essay

Best Buy is a multinational corporation with over 4,000 locations nationwide. Circuit City was Best Buy’s only main competition for some years until it took over and ran Circuit City out of business. Best Buy’s market share increased after that however, other large retailers as well as e-tailers entered into the market. Amazon, Target, Wal-Mart and Apple became Best Buy’s new competition that caused a decrease in market sales in 2010. They all had the same thing in common after the Circuit City collapse and that was to increase electronics. They all had their own strategies to out-beat Best Buy. Although Best Buy acquired some more competition in a 2010 survey consumers still said Best Buy is the first to come to mind when they think about buying electronics. However, even though Best Buy is the first that comes to mind against the other competitors, depending on what the product is they will go to Amazon to buy it instead. Due to their strategy which focuses on three areas; customer-centricity, employment policies and exclusive branding, they are keeping up with the competition. Best Buy’s strategies may help them a majority of the time but they could change their strategies just a little bit. They should try what Wal-Mart does and price match ads with other stores so that way they are still getting the profits and keeping customers. In my opinion, Best Buy could improve their strategy when it comes to prices because they are on the higher end of prices. As a consumer myself, I do look at Best Buy first for my electronics but I usually go somewhere else because the prices are usually cheaper. Other than their prices I actually think their strategies are working out good for them and it shows in their rankings amongst other competitors. Consumer electronics is considered a mature industry because of the new trends. This industry hits record sales during the holiday seasons but still says rather well throughout the year as well. All companies associated with this industry try to keep up so they make their own products. However, due to manufactures cannibalizing their products their product life cycle has decreased. Manufactures started doing this to try to keep their consumers  loyalty. When prices start to fall for technology products this opens a bigger demographic; however by time the prices fall for the products they have come up with better products. In order to recapture the growth of Best Buy they should try to fix the prices to fit a bigger demographic. I think if they at least try to work with the consumers with the prices they would gain more customers. The problem is the fact that consumers go elsewhere when they see the prices and do a price match. Amazon became popular with electronics because people f ound out that they could get electronics of all kinds online. Also Amazon has an advantage over Best Buy because with Amazon there is free shipping on products, well on most products. I think if Best Buy tried to adapt some of Amazon’s strategy they can out beat them in the electronics department. If they could be like Amazon and have a limitless inventory online rather than just have their amount of availability on the showroom. If they did this I think they would see growth in their company. They pride their selves in having the most respected name brands in the consumer electronics industry so if they matched the prices with their pride in their brands I see a definite growth in their company. With Best Buy being a well-known company and is the first that comes to mind when talking about electronics, if they had a bigger choice when it came to the products than they might gain some more growth as well to go along with their already loyal customer base. At Best Buy, they offer a selection of energy-efficient products. These products were designed to help their customers around the world save some more money by using less energy. I think with Best Buy becoming more sustainable they are more able to maintain the interest of the stakeholders. With these products the shareholders play a big role in influencing their overall sustainability strategy. The stakeholders help with modeling Best Buy’s annual sustainability reports. So with them adding this strategy and allowing the stakeholders to get the chance to have a part in the strategy they are gaining their interest. Best Buy actually takes the recommendations from their stakeholders and they try to communicate with them in efforts to keep their interest in their decision to incorporate a sustainability strategy. I think this was a good move on their part because it states they were uncertain about Mr. Dunn’s five year growth strategy. The stakeholders  were worried abo ut Best Buy’s cash position and about if these strategies would work or not. Anytime when stakeholders have the opportunity to have a so in a company is a good thing. In conclusion, I believe Best Buy is a great company but can become a better one if they were to do some modifications with their strategies. With the constantly changing economy they need to adapt their strategies to the changes. I’m not saying they would have to always change their strategies but I think they should always try their best to make their strategies fit the customers as well as help the success of the company. With that being said I believe they will receive even better results for the company as well as the consumers.

Four factors that affect an organisations approach to talent

Economic environment: whilst the economy is on a down turn and there are a large amount of unemployed the company may have more than normal candidates to choose from and the possibility of taking on employees at a higher level, however once the economy takes an upturn and the job market improves the employees may move on unless the company provides a competitive salary/benefits package or prospects for development.Benefits: a benefits package is added value to an employee, if flexibility is offered within the package, to reflect the age, family needs and life style of a candidate this will attract a wider range of applicants and help to retain existing employees.Training and Development: will attract more candidates who are looking to expand their skills and better their careers; this will also help to retain staff within the company as they will be encouraged to apply for promotions or move within the company.Location of the place of work: if it is out of town with no public transpo rt links or good road networks to the location the company would attract fewer candidates. A lot of employees don’t like to travel too far to work and prefer to work nearer home. In a less populated area a company would have to look further a field as the job skills may not be available in the area.Three benefits of attracting and retaining a diverse workforceIncrease in profit: Companies can use their employees to help with their understanding of the needs of our multicultural society. As an example: within a retail employees could advise the company on specialised products to sell, in turn this could encourage more sales within the store and potentially increase profit.Increased levels of customer service: A diverse workforce will increase the levels of customer service; it can provide help with language barriers and the understanding of different needs within cultures. Age is also a factor, older customers do not always relate well to younger employees in a service environ ment and vice versa. A diverse work force will encourage a diverse customer base in turn a higher customer service level will increase the amount of customers.Increases the talent pool within a company: employees are often encouraged to apply to and work for a company with a diverse workforce, candidates/employees who have experienced a diversity in their every day lives or whilst in education will apply, this increases the talent pool available to the company and increases the chance of finding the best candidate for the job.Three factors that affect an organisations approach to recruitmentCost: Recruitment can be costly to a company and if the talent pool is not directly available they may have to pay for recruitment for example by using an employment agency. If a vacancy is not filled within the required time scale the company may use agency staff to cover the work load with additional costs incurred in comparison to a company employee.Time Scales: If a vacancy is for a specialis ed position, the company may have to look further a field for the ideal candidate. This can result in additional time taken for recruitment this in turn could put extra stress on the existing work force whilst they have to carry out additional work and customer service levels could be affected as a result. The company could also hurry the process to avoid this and result in the wrong person being employed hence the process could need to be repeated in the near future.Type of Role: A vacancy that doesn’t require definitive skills could result in a high level of candidates applying which in turn can make the recruitment process longer by having to sift through all of the applications or can result in fewer applications depending on the geographical economy. Recommendation to the company by existing employees can help, saving time and resulting in the ideal candidate for the job.Recruitment methods.Local career/recruitment fairs: The Company has a stand at the fair to advertise the job vacancies with recruitment material i.e. application forms, job descriptions etc, representatives from the Company such as Human resources and department managers speak directly to the potential candidates giving details of the company and vacancies available. Applications/CV’s, or details from the candidates are taken at the point of contact.Job centres: Job vacancies are advertised through the job centre at no cost. The company has a online account with the job centre details, of the vacancy are uploaded onto the online system the vacancy will then be advertised not only in the local job centre but also on line therefore the vacancy will have a wider geographical audience.Company website: the company advertises their vacancies on their own website with a job description etc. A section of the site is linked to the main page and the candidate completes a generic form for personal details this is then linked to the application form or a link to upload a CV. It can also be linked to a company’s online recruitment system.Selection methodsStructured Interview: Is developed from the traditional interview process, rather than asking questions based on the candidate’s application form questions are asked to allow the candidate to demonstrate certain competencies for example, â€Å"can you tell us about a situation when you updated a process and why?† The same questions and standardised score sheet are used for each applicant therefore allowing a fare process.Assessment centre: a selection of the following: Interview Psychometric test Role play In- tray exercise Group exercise Presentation Social sideThis process is used to give a good overview of all the candidates their strengths and weaknesses. A selection panel assesses the candidates as they complete each task by marking paper exercises which have an exact required outcome or rating by observations with a defined marking system, once the marks are collated the panel then discus s as a whole before a final decision is reached.Psychometric Test: through a company such as the McQuaig institute, the tests can be used for all levels of staff from senior management to semiskilled staff and can consist of one of or both of the following; an aptitude test consisting of a english, numeric, 3 dimentional thought and job/subject specific tests. Secondly a personality test which is aimed at finding types, there is no right or wrong answer. The company can use the information provided by a report as to whether the candidate has the potential, the right temperament or other criteria required to suit the needs of the job.Purpose of induction and benefits:The induction process is aimed at giving the employee a clear out line of the job requirements, with details of the company’s structure showing how the employee will fit into the team and outlines the function and aims of the company. The new recruit will be integrated into the company easier giving them confidenc e and a feeling of belonging; it keeps the them busy in the initial stages of employment allowing them to have a structured and easier settling in period, as well as providing valuable information. It creates a good impression of the company, helps to retain employees, giving a return on the time and money invested.

Response paper for art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response paper for art - Essay Example The floor lines being â€Å"tilted up† as well as the â€Å"bold contours† accentuate focus on the frontal plane, where various constituents of the piece, such as â€Å"words, performers, spectators, and lights† appear parallel (Kiehl & Cate, 1988). Another element that can be seen in this work, is the Japanese influence Lautrec has in his art, such as shedding partial view on La Goulue, the sensual female dancer depicted in the image. In this poster, Lautrec uses the technique of brush and spatter lithography, and on a closer inspection, it can be seen that the poster is a print comprising of four colors on three sheets. The poster is made out of the primary colors â€Å"red, blue and yellow† and makes use of thick audacious lines at places. Lautrec has deftly captured not only the setting, that is, the Moulin Rogue, but also the various people and the actions they perform, and this characterization makes the work a

EU ban on Tobacco advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU ban on Tobacco advertising - Essay Example This essay "EU ban on Tobacco advertising" outlines the negative effect of the tobacco products' advertisements and why it was restricted in the EU. The advertising of tobacco products, mostly cigarette smoking by the tobacco industry through a various forms of media including television, newspaper, magazine, direct mail, sale points, billboards, radio and sponsorship is called tobacco advertising. As part of their marketing strategy, tobacco companies use the help of advertisements and promotional schemes to boost sales and earn higher profits. On 7 December 1941 serious restrictions was imposed upon the advertisements of tobbaco. Opposition is against the advertisements trying to portray smoking as safe or as a representation of masculinity. They do not do any good except for giving misleading claims and leaving a bad impact on the young and pure minds of teenagers and youth. Pasting advertising posters and brochures along racing tracks, stadiums and rail tracks was outlawed as it give a vast exposure of this unhealthy product. Cooperation and support of anti-tobacco activists and NGO workers was highly encouraged. Advertising done through loudspeakers in stadiums during games and mail (postage stamps) was also banned. Companies use such advertising to create brand loyalty and brand image to consumers so that they choose their brand of cigarette amongst others available. Tobacco companies apportion principally large budgets for their advertising campaigns and strategies also to seek quick responses and to stimulate demand over a longer period of time. The Federal Trade Commission claimed that cigarette manufacturers spent $8.24 billion on advertising and publicity in 1999 which was the highest amount ever at that time. Later in 2005, the amount rose to $13.11. The increase, despite restrictions on the advertising in most countries, was an effort to target younger audiences mostly teenagers who get influenced easily by promotional offers and giveaways such as Zippos, ashtrays and lighters. Casey Stoner: Australia's new Marlboro Man He has become a role model to kids worldwide who see him (Sydney Telegraph picture) racing in his bike, his whole outlook endorsing a tobacco brand Tobacco companies bribe and give expensive prizes to retailers who stock cigarettes and cigars. The European Union have precised that the advertising of tobacco should not be allowed. The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located in Europe that have agreed to act collectively on a standardised system of laws and a wide range of issues rather than nationally. Certain legal requirements are enforced upon the packaging of tobacco cigarettes by some countries. For example in the countries of the European Union, cigarette packs must have a label notifying the health hazards associated with smoking. One of the ways was inserting cards into the packet of cigarette giving an illustration of how to quit smoking. An example of tobacco packaging carrying health warnings is shown below: For the benefit of peoples of EU, the Commission is stressing theentry into force of the EU tobacco advertising ban and to start its action, initiated three years ago. The EU directive of 2003 has a wide ban on tobacco advertising in all forms of the print media, on radio and over the more technologically advanced medium, the internet. It also prohibits tobacco sponsorship of cross-border cultural and sporting events notably Formula One racing and the European Football Championships. Most EU countries, except for Germany,have either passed the necessary laws or are in the course of

Joint Venture with X-Tech (Sweden) and Y-Tech (Albania) Assignment

Joint Venture with X-Tech (Sweden) and Y-Tech (Albania) - Assignment Example This memorandum outlines various principles of cross-cultural management, while also carrying out some cultural profiling of the two countries we are meeting, in comparison to our country. The main goal is to educate and guide Z-Tech managers, who will soon become expatriate managers, and who will need to avoid obstacles such as expatriate failure through culture shock, by improving their respective cultural intelligence (CQ). After posting these cross-cultural management paradigms to achieve optimal success for Z-Tech, the current memorandum concludes with specific recommendations. Z-Tech faces a future prospect of a successful joint venture with Albanian and Swedish companies. However, the conflict must be avoided in order to optimize results and create a win-win situation. A major organizational challenge that needs to be overcome, is conflict. Conflict occurs when members of a group or team cannot reach an agreement through common negotiation. There are many causes of conflict in the organizational environment. Conflict is negative, and effective communication embraces an aspect of positive sharing of information that reflects upon both the sender and the receiver. Only by truly communicating our plans, needs, and desires can we garner effective results. These results are often the result of a decision-making process, which is closely linked to patterns of effective communication and structural organizational theory. The importance of positive and practical decision-making cannot be over-stressed in the organizational environment. In the case of intercultural concepts, the vision or guiding principle or goal of Z-Tech should be looked at in an inclusive way. That is, the concept is inclusive to the culture in this construction, and bears communication across cultural barriers and boundaries to a greater understanding of the positive side of communication.

Love Mary Cassatt's style was heavily influenced by Essay

Love Mary Cassatt's style was heavily influenced by - Essay Example In 1914, the technique that she had adopted in impressionism gained recognition as she was awarded Gold medal for her contribution in the technique. Edgar Degas and the Japanese form of art influenced her initial poses in her paintings when lines had been introduced in her pieces, and motion incorporated to bring life into her paintings (Brill, 87). The major themes that she captured in her work were that of the feminine features. Most of her paintings were full of scenes of mothers and their daughters. Through impressionism, she managed to depict these images vividly and establish a use of color to bring interest among her viewers. Some of her famous works include â€Å"The loge† and â€Å"cup of tea.† Apart from the impressionistic movement, her love for the Japanese prints contributed to her development of intricate patterns in her work. Mary Cassatt was a dominant member of the impressionism movement. Though not recognized as an established impressionist, her works led to the spread of the movement, especially in America. Her studies that depicted mothers and children suggested she was a female

HR in Service Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

HR in Service Industry - Assignment Example The human resource department is held accountable for making sure that the job of administration in the company is performed in a manner that is relevant and that the operations of the company are in line with the law that governs the running of the business in the country of base. This will ensure that the company does not run in to trouble with the authorities over illegal running of the business and that they are not hiring employees in a way that does not relate with the law. The human resource department in the organization gives provision for incentives like promotions to employees by evaluating their work, it ensures the safety of the employees and the procedure that information in the company flows is guarded and follows certain guidelines, the human resource department caters for employees who are on vacation or who are sick, the department ensures that they are replaced for the time being and that their work is done properly (Goeldner, 2009 p89). This kind of human resource management is a highly active method of managing people in an organization. It needs the human resource managers to be able to think ahead of all employees and other personnel in the company. The managers in this unit are needed to be able to do better planning and come up with methods to grow the organization, to be able to design methods to satisfy the needs of the employees to ensure that they are able to work well without second thoughts about working in the organization. The human resource managers also ensure that the employees of the company are able to discharge their duties properly by being able to hire people who know how to discharge their duties and being able to train the employees so that they will discharge the duties of the organization properly. The strategy that the human resource managers will use in ensuring the employees add value to the organization will determine how business is carried out in the organization. This will also affect the value of the organiza tion. All the organizations that manage to meet the requirements and the needs of their employees are able to cultivate an atmosphere in the work site that will result in to exceptionally enjoyable productivity. The human resource department is the best place to start ensuring that the needs of the employees are well catered for. By being able to incorporate strategies that will result in to better productivity in the company the company will have to invest well in its dealings and all that work that it is required to do to make sure that the needs of the employees are satisfied. The company should come up with methods of ensuring that they are able to retain all the skilled employees and be able to train other skilled employees to ensure that they are capable of helping the company to be profitable. By doing this, the hotel will be able to retain several of its employees; this will in turn make sure that the company will not spend more money on hiring of and training the new employ ees to the level of performing. When the human resource department starts to plan, they have to consider on what the employees need are and

Why do you think you should be considered for this acholarship Scholarship Essay

Why do you think you should be considered for this acholarship - Scholarship Essay Example nd of country I hail from which is now-developing geographically, economically and emotionally, expressing how important this scholarship is to me would be an essential beginning. I am from Haiti, and finished all my schooling here. As the world knows, it is a place where â€Å"just in 35 seconds,† it had to give up many friends, families, schools, churches and hospitals to the devastating earthquake in 2010, a couple of years after it had seen the massive flooding too. Its ever sensitive geographical location is currently in the tight recovering mood which needs assistance from its own people from all corners of the planet, it mainly needs motivation from the within. Being a very part of it, I feel not only responsible to give it back the necessary assistance, I also believe that it is a gift to work where I am needed. Considering my past educational qualifications, my outreach abilities and my experience so far, I am confident I can make a significant difference in many lives as a registered nurse. Although, Haiti is right now in a hopeful shape, where school enrollment increased, vaccination rates and pre-natal coverage increased, and malnutrition among children and mortality rates declined; it still has 0.25 % of physicians and 0.8 % hospital beds for every 1000 people, about 620,000 cholera cases, and several hundred thousands of displaced people still in the camps. More than anything else, through an education program aided by this scholarship, my kind of passionate to-be registered nurses can tremendously contribute to the vulnerable, Haiti. Taking this as the right occasion, I must thank the board of this scholarship to have brought in such an opportunity for students like me to pursue their dream career. I am certain that this scholarship will not only be a key contributor for my financial struggle, it will eventually make me the person who can make a difference in people’s lives. My qualifications, my experiences, my background and not the least, my

Consumerism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Consumerism - Essay Example Because of increased intensive production of numerous, this heightened living standards of the English as well as other people belong from the same caste. People enjoyed the experience of acquiring material possessions, which where once prized for their durability over fashionability. This also led to the emergency of more sophisticated designers majoring in trendy products (Mackendrick, Brewer & Plumb 2). Based on my opinion, I think current US designers’ ideas are highly valued in production of new items in the market aimed at satisfying the consumer. For instance, the newly graduates from universities and colleges who have studied fashion designs courses (Mackendrick, Brewer & Plumb 5). Inventing more advanced manufacturing industries, to cater for increased customer’s demands world wide such as textile industries. In addition, a manufacturer notifies customers online, in the newspapers, magazines or social media about new products in the market through internet, local and international newspapers. Issuing of trade cards to individual clients, so buying and selling be more advanced by giving out special printed cards to customers like business cards (Mackendrick, Brewer & Plumb

Midterm Exam Essay Example for Free

Midterm Exam Essay 1. Cross-sectional study involves the observation of some subset of a population of items all at the same time. Groups can be compared at different ages with respect to independent variables. This study differs from the longitudinal study because it takes place at a single point in time. In a longitudinal study, the same observations are made over different periods usually spanning several years. This type of study looks into developments and trends across generations or life spans. Cross-sectional studies can be used when a researcher has time constraints; usually this method is done in expedition trips which look at a certain group in a matter of several weeks to months. One weakness of this approach is that it does not encompass the changes over time. This becomes the strength of the longitudinal method of study. It can trace the development of a certain phenomenon or fad thru its infancy up until the time it disappears, one downside though is that it required a lot of time and effort to complete. 2. Down syndrome is caused by an abnormal cell division of the 21st chromosome. The problem occurs when there is extra genetic material from the said chromosome and is responsible for the characteristic features and developmental problems of Down syndrome. Down syndrome has several symptoms or characteristics, most common of all are: flattened facial features, protruding tongue, small head, upward slanting eyes which are unusual for the child’s ethnic group, and unusually shaped ears. Down syndrome carries with it several risks which include heart defects, leukemia, and proneness to infectious diseases, dementia, and other problems such as gastrointestinal blockage, poor vision, or hearing loss. 3. One of the most striking risks of infants with low birth rates is that they have a 25% chance of dying before reaching the age of one. These infants also have increased risk of long term disability and impaired development, usually in terms of motor and social development. Cigarette smokers and black people are the ones which are most likely to have low birth weight infants compared to other social classes. 4. One of the most important benefits of breast feeding is that it is the best source of nutrition for the first six months of life. It contains appropriate amounts of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and provides digestive enzymes, minerals, vitamins and most importantly, hormones that infants require. The milk from the mother also contains antibodies which shield the baby from infections. Breastfeeding also reduces the risk of ear infections, stomach infections, and digestive problems such as constipation, skin diseases, allergy problems, and hospitalizations during the first year of life. In addition, breastfed babies may have less risk of becoming overweight or developing high blood pressure, diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, and tooth decay. Breastfeeding in poor countries such as those in Africa is very important because infants that are not breastfed are 5 times more likely to die from infections in the first two months of life. This is important considering that these countries do not have proper medical care for these children. 5. Piaget discusses four important factors of cognitive change, namely the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. In the sensorimotor stage, infants are born with a set of congenital reflexes that allow them to float in the heavily dense world, in addition to a drive to explore their world. In the preoperational stage, children demonstrate sparse and logically inadequate mental operations, in this stage, the child learns to use and represent objects by images and words. There are two stages, the preconceptual and the intuitive. In the preconceptual stage, the child is marked by egocentric thinking and animistic though, while in the intuitive stage, the child starts employing mental activities to solve problems and obtain goals. In the concrete operational stage, the child learns how to use his/her logic in tackling problems; however, children can only solver problems that apply to actual objects or events. Finally, in the formal operation stage, the child acquires the ability to think abstractly and draw logical and reasonable conclusions from the information available. 6. Types of children can be described using Thomas and Chess’ model of temperament. One of these types are shy children, these children are more or less inactive, suffering from less predictable manner, have low distractibility, pulls back and cries when exposed to new things and strangers, not easily adaptive, low attention span, low levels of response, unfriendly behavior, and take little notice of changes in stimulation. Fearful children exhibit most of the negative criteria in the model of temperament, most obvious of which in their approach/avoidance. Fearful children tend to pull back and cry sometimes even if the said stimuli are reintroduced (meaning it has been seen by the child before). Aggressive children on the other hand exhibit such traits as an increased devotion to an activity, and have intense reactions when offered stimuli. 7. There are four attachment classifications, secure, anxious avoidant, anxious resistant and disorganized. In secure attachment, the amount of care is both consistent and sufficient giving the child security everytime the parent is around, even in the presence of strangers because the child knows that the parent is there to protect and guide him/her. In the anxious-resistant type, care given by the parent is not consistent because the child is often wary of strangers until the parents return, it means that the parent cares for the child, but is not around all the time. In the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment, the amount of care given by the parent is both inconsistent and insufficient given that the child ignores or avoids the parent. In the disorganized attachment, the care given is either classified by the child as frightening or comes from someone who is frightened. This is caused by either a frightened caregiver, or a very aggressive caregiver. 8. Three language development theories will be compared and contrasted, Chomsky’s language acquisition device, Piaget’s cognitive constructivism, and Vygotsky’s social contructivism and language. Chomsky and Piaget sees language as something which comes with birth, Chomsky and Piaget both focused on how the child developed a language, for Chomsky, he supposes that the ability to learn language is inborn in the form of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD). He was not able to take enough account of the influences of cognition and language have on each other’s development. In Piaget’s case, he argues that cognitive development preceded language. He focused more on the child’s cognitive development and attributes it the child’s way of representing their familiar worlds. While for Vygotsky, his main concern was the relationship between the development of thought and language, his theory melded together Chomsky and Piaget’s theory and combined them to form his theory that language is first a means of social communication, then gradually promotes both language and cognition.

Organized System Essay Example for Free

Organized System Essay In today’s society, business of every sort is done on computers, almost to the extent that the former definition of files and folders being physical items is nearly obsolete. Attending an institute of higher learning also means that much of assignments be downloaded from an online site and homework be completed on a computer and uploaded to a central location. As such, it can become quite time-consuming, difficult and confusing to locate appropriate files without a system of organization. On the Microsoft website, there are several articles to help a computer user get started with organization. Of course, their number one recommendation is to use the â€Å"My Documents† folder which comes pre-installed on all of Microsoft’s operating systems. This is really a timesaver as there are so many easy ways to access it: from the Start menu (which also includes a â€Å"My Recent Documents† link), from the Open function of any Microsoft software applications, and from your desktop (by simply moving the icon on the Start menu and dragging it to the desktop). In the My Documents folder, additional folders can be created. These should be named by category, for example, â€Å"school†, â€Å"work†, â€Å"creative writing†, â€Å"business†, etc. All folders in each of these should pertain to that subject. In the school folder, for instance, I would suggest creating a separate folder for each class (i. e. â€Å"Biology 101†, Statistics 201†, etc. ). This can then be further broken down into â€Å"assignments† and â€Å"homework†. Downloaded assignment files can be copied and pasted or drug into the assignments folder. Keeping both folder and file names short helps to find them quickly (since only a certain amount of the letters in the name will be displayed). Names for assignment files can also include the date it is due (at the beginning of the name) and then quickly sorted by name in the view screen. I have also found it handy to use a date in the name of my professional resume file, so that I know whether or not it needs to be updated. Numbers can also be added to documents such as essays to easily show all versions until complete (you may find the need to go back to a previous version and add in a paragraph that was previously edited out). Putting numbers at the front of the file or folder name for those that you access often will ensure they show up at the top of the list. Viewing folders and files as thumbnails is a way to display the results of your folders that is visually easy. This is a great way to preview the contents as well as easily sort through the different file extensions (is it a picture or a Word document? ). Using Microsoft Outlook for Email messages is also handy and the program works with the rest of the Microsoft Office Suite, making it easy to integrate file types. I create folders of the same name as those in My Documents for Email messages. This way I can keep track of any messages that are in reference to a class, or work, and they can be quickly dropped into the corresponding My Documents folders. Another tip for organization is to keep the hard drive clean. At the end of the semester, the class folders with their files can be stored elsewhere on your hard drive such as in a folder named â€Å"archives† (or put on a flash drive) so as to streamline the amount of folders viewed to only documents you are currently using. When I am using a file that I know will be of use for a limited time only, I name it â€Å"junk_† with a descriptive word at the end. When I am ready to delete those files I am no longer needing, I simply perform a search of the C drive for all files and folders with the name â€Å"junk† in them. This way, the whole of them can be deleted with only a couple clicks of the mouse. You could attach a date to the name that reminds you of when the file is obsolete and safe to be removed. References Allen, Sally. â€Å"Get organized! Organizing your computer†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the Women’s Media Web site: http://www. womensmedia. com/new/organizing-computer. shtml. â€Å"Organizing computer files†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the University of Virginia Web site: http://cti. itc. virginia. edu/~ttspeng/OrganizingComputerFiles. pdf. â€Å"Seven tips to manage your files better†. Retrieved October 23, 2007 from the Microsoft Web site: http://www. microsoft. com/atwork/manageinfo/files. mspx.