Collapse of Civilizations Essay - 1292 Words

The factors that lead to the â€Å"collapse† of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian cultures will be discussed in the following paragraphs, with a focus on the uniqueness of each. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Collapse† is in quotations because its definition when applied to civilizations is often debated. Merriam-Webster’s†¦show more content†¦Around 800 AD, population densities were at their peak. The population had gotten so high that it led to social malfunction and agricultural exhaustion. The land had been so overworked that it did not have a chance to remain fertile. Core borings and pollen samples revealed prolonged drought cycles. (Scarre 1997:372) As in the southern Mesopotamian culture, long term irrigation and salinization of the soil led to decline productivity. When irrigation water dries, it leaves salt. Additional water is needed to wash it out; the salt water rises towards the roots of plants and kills them. However, the Mayan civilization was in a very damp rainforest area, which excludes drought as an explanation for its â€Å"collapse.† (Sanders: video) David Webster, a Copan archaeologist, found obsidian knives at various farming sites. These knives are very important because they can be tested as to the date in which they originate. Anne Freter, an obsidian tester, revealed that the majority of them dated to around 1200 A.D. She thought there was something wrong with her data because it had always been assumed that the culture ended around 800 A.D. This data shows a slow decline instead of a sudden â€Å"collapse.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Archaeologists had assumed that there was a sudden collapse. They considered peasant revolt, loss of legitimacy ofShow MoreRelatedCollapse of Civilizations1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe factors that lead to the collapse of civilizations are almost directly related to those that created it. Archaeologists characterize collapse by a number of elements, some of which we have evidence for, others we do not. Most archaeologists are unsure of exactly what caused the decline of most civilizations in the ancient world, yet there are many clues to some of the events that could have contributed. The collapse of the ancient Roman Empire, the Mesoamerican Mayan, and the Egyptian culturesRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Western Civilization994 Words   |  4 Pagesancient civilizations. From 551-479 B.C. with the Chinese, to the nineteenth and early twentieth century with western civilization. Ranging from the collapsing of the Roman and Mayan empires, to the ending of the Byzantine and Inca empire s. Historians and architects use ancient readings left behind on stone and walls to gain knowledge about these civilizations. To comprehend these civilizations that were once there and the culture behind them. The virtue and values of these civilizations have hugeRead MoreCollapse Of The Mayan Civilization1024 Words   |  5 PagesPatricia Licea-Chavez 10/27/14 History 2 Collapse of the Mayan Civilization There were multiple reasons for the collapse of the Mayan civilization. Some of these reasons are environmental damages/overpopulation, natural disasters, and warfare.(The) Out of these the most likely reason for their collapse was war. (Cartwright) Within this war there were also the battles that were going on within its civilization, the offerings that they made to their gods, and the campaigns to resist the Spanish conquestRead MoreMaya Civilization Collapse1311 Words   |  6 PagesThe example of societal collapse in which I will be making reference to throughout this essay is the Maya civilization. The Maya civilization is, â€Å"probably the best known of all early American civilizations.† (Fagan, 1995) It was at its strongest point between AD 300 AND 900. Around AD 900 was the time of its collapse. This civilization was developed in a densely, tropical forest on either highlands or lowlands. Today to visit a Mayan site, people would go to the modern Mexican state, capi tal cityRead MoreWhy Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse?2267 Words   |  10 Pagescauses that set in motion the collapse of the Mayan civilisation in the 10th century. I will examine particular elements in their history such as warfare and conquest, inherent difficulties in the areas of sustenance, resource management and environmental degradation. My goal is to formulate a more in-depth understanding of how such a complex and powerful people fell and what triggered their demise. BACKGROUND AND AGRICULTURE Initially the Mayan civilization prospered throughout the lowlandsRead MoreEssay on Did the Mayan Civilization Collapse as a Result of Drought?1016 Words   |  5 PagesEver since the collapse of the once powerful Maya civilization, people have been trying to find out what caused it. Authors of the article, “Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”, which include Gerald Haug, Detlef Gà ¼nther, Larry Peterson, Daniel Sigman, Konrad Hughen, and Beat Aeschlimann propose a theory that the Mayans collapsed because of an extended dry period between 760 and 910 A.D. These scientists set out find the answer as to why the Maya civilization collapsed. ThisRead MoreIs The Classic Mayan Civilization?1558 Words   |  7 Pagesof Anthropology, a collapse is defined as â€Å"†¦a drastic decrease in human population size and/or political/economical/social complexity, over a considerable area, for an extended time.†(AOC) With Mr. Tainter’s definition of collapse, I will be focusing on one specific civilization, what led to their falling as a society and elaborate on some theories as to why collapses may occur. The development that I am going to be discussing is the Classic Mayan civilization. The civilization was located in MexicoRead MoreAmericas Oh Sh*T Moment by Niall Ferguson Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesFerguson, a historian who teaches at Harvard University, in 2011, explores why civilizations collapse, and how America can avoid this. He does not focus only on America, but many civilizations in the past that have collaps ed. Niall Ferguson is the author of Civilization: The West and The Rest. The article is creatively and cleverly written using the metaphor of modern technology to describe the way in which the societal collapse occurs. This shows that the article was written for adults who are highlyRead MoreEnd of Mayan Civilization1143 Words   |  5 PagesEnd of Mayan Civilization Samuel Nathaniel H. Stansbury HUM 111 11/3/2012 The mystery concerning the fundamental explanation for the collapse of the Mayan Civilization has been a major focus for researchers in the fields of anthropology and archeology for a considerable period of time. At the very core of this mystery of the Mayan collapse was the question of how could such a strong, stable civilization that had flourished for approximately twenty-seven hundred years disappear without a clearRead MoreEssay on Factors Leading to The Collapse of Past Societies1693 Words   |  7 PagesAt present day, our worldwide civilization of the human race continues to surpass many achievements of other past societies. Everyday, new technological advances are being achieved and the population is growing faster than it ever previously has. We must look back at past civilizations and analyze them to understand what is in store for us in the future. In the pursuit of progress, human societies create problems they do not have the resources or political motivation to solve , for fear of short term

Organizational Behaviour the Pros and Cons. - 1634 Words

Elements of successful organizational diversity Management. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organizations bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Goff, 1998). Diversity goes beyond employment equity to nurturing an environment that values the differences and maximizes the potential of all employees, one that stimulates employee creativity and innovativeness (U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board (U.S. MSPB), 1993). To create an†¦show more content†¦Education is a building of awareness and creating a base of general understanding. At the administrative and management levels, educational efforts can spawn interest and an awareness of need, which can then extend the change process throughout the organization (Baytos and Delatte, 1993). Education provides a setting to define issues, develop consistent language and to discuss the nature and source of biases that hinder our ability to perceive others clearly. Training involves activities designed to build usable skills. Training targets in on specific issues to develop the skills necessary to effectively and sensitively deal with an issue. For example, training might teach managers how to conduct performance appraisals with employees from a different culture. By using the information gathered during the needs analysis, an organization can target in on the specific diversity issues they need to address with training. What has worked well for many organizations is to hire outside trainers for a short period of time to train the trainer and assist with the initial training workshops. Outside trainers tend to be more objective and are more likely to receive respect from employees, which is valuable in the initial diversity training effort. Before an organization hires an outside trainer, it should thoroughly review the trainers credentials. AskShow MoreRelatedVetements Ltee Mini Case1152 Words   |  5 PagesEvidence: motivated to stay by door to get to customers first because of more commissions. OB issue: Equity Theory Evidence: Sales reps believe some reps are getting better locations to sell in or are â€Å"wasting time† doing inventory. OB issue: Organizational Behavior Modification Evidence: Employees are not working inventory management as much as they should (lack of punishment) B. External Analysis 1) Brief industry analysis Và ªtements Ltà ©e is a chain of men s retail clothing storesRead MoreKeeping Suzanne Chalmers1433 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling of disconnect from their families. * The M.A.R.S. model outlines the four major factors in determining individual behaviour and results which could be a key for API: motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors. * Motivation represents the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behaviour. Suzanne no longer has the drive (intensity) and desire (persistence) to stay at API. Mr. Chan was unsuccessful with hisRead Moreworkaholism971 Words   |  4 Pages2001; Salmela-Aro Nurmi, 2004). This essay is going to discuss the impact that workaholism have upon the individual in three dimentions: outcomes of work, quality of social relationships and perceived health. It is also going to demonstrate the pros and cons of being workaholic as an individual and the influences that resulted by workaholism. It will finally reach a conclusion about how workaholism impact on the individuals. Before to start the discussion, there is one thing to notice about, whichRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: A case study of The body shop1223 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment. Furthermore, the focus of CSR has changed the behavior of organizations, not the role of leadership anymore. It created a debate about what companies should do for society. Subsequently, the structure of CSR places less stress on organizational behaviours and more on the responsibility (Blowfield and Murray 2011, p.7). However, the most well-known and accepted model of CSR is Carroll four-part model, which he defined as â€Å" CSR includes the economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic expectationsRead MoreHuman Resource Practices And Policies983 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent backgrounds. I was appointed to setup and organize a charitable organization to focus working with a professional team from the LVCS. I gained vital firsthand experience in the functions of organizational memberships, in which, I contributed in the writing the constitutions and organizational objectives, involving policies, and aspects of human resources. I wanted to furthermore develop my proficiency and understanding of human resources a management to enable and encourage myself to exploreRead MoreA Brief Note On The Individual Career Management1040 Words   |  5 Pagesin the environment in terms of careers’ nature and unstable employment, there is an increasing idea that career progression is a responsibility of individuals not organization (Enache, et al., 2013). However, as any other approach ICM has its pros and cons. On one hand, ICM encourages young and fresh employees to remain employable and marketable not only in one career in particular organization, but also to develop lifelong transferable skills in the jobs market. And then they will be able and capableRead MoreThe Need For Peer Review Evaluation System1371 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough which the scores would be evaluated for different students (Haberyan, 2007). Pros of the system Some of the advantages of such a system are as follows – a. It provides fair and equal chance to every student to work towards finding the facts about the project b. There are no setbacks for the opinion that has been presented by the group or team members. However, it has to be backed up with reliable resources. Cons of the system ï  ¶ In some cases, the peer overall grade is not considered at theRead MoreMcgregor Theory X1067 Words   |  5 Pagesformulated a theory that has changed the path of management thinking and practice. He proposed two sets of assumptions about employee s attitude and behaviour, so the manager will be in a better position to manage the workers and achieve organizational goals. McGregor named these assumptions as Theory X and Theory This essay would examine the pros and cons of this theory of employee motivation, followed by writer s opinion. (McGregor, 1960) Theory X: According to Theory X, Managers assume that theRead MorePlastco Packaging Compensation Case3884 Words   |  16 Pagesdepartment to incorporate more intrinsic rewards. By changing its reward strategy, the goal is to add the greatest possible value to their organization and yet remain cost effective. Management is also open to changing its managerial style and organizational structure to improve employee relations, the quality of its products, creditability with customers, and boost profitability and market share to ensure long-term viability. Background Information: CURRENT OPERATING ENVIRONMENT Contextual FrameworkRead Moreinternal hiring vs external hiring.1166 Words   |  5 Pagescompany already working in another position or externally by somebody who is new to the business. For this firms need to consider different methods of hiring and try to create a pool of potential candidates with relevant skill level. There are pros and cons to both internal and external hiring. In the current economic scenario, companies look cut costs by hiring within their four walls rather than from the outside. it has been estimated that cost on finding and hiring someone externally is 1.7 times

Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational System †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strengthening and Sustaining Organizational System. Answer: Introduction: The sources along with capacities pertaining to Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International have greatly increased in the present age. A large number of the companies have deviated from focussing the effort in production planning and they have adopted a demand-driven focus. It lays focus on managing the field of demand in a more efficient manner. Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International should rationalize on the area at which the company is best at selling and it can align the sales force with such a mindset (Bmmigroup.com 2018). The changes can be brought about in the organization can help in the creation of a customer-focussed mindset that can help the organization in its growth. The innovation strategies can help in uncovering data and identification of trends in the information system of the company. The companies that have dedicated resources can focus on the arena of demand planning and it can help in forecasting strong result and drive value for that of the company (Bur ke 2017). The improvements in the field of communication has enabled the growth of globalization. There are some companies that are thinking about rerouting the inbound shipments to that of the alternate posts. The arena of business that is most affected by the global business environment relates to that of supply chain. The manufacturing along with distribution has been impacted on account of integration of supplier base and there are many companies which are not flexible to adopt to the new kind of business environment. Re-positioning of the inbound container shipment can have an overall negative impact. The leading companies in the arena of retail reflect the nature pertaining to modern supply chain. Intellect along with technology can help in transforming the value proposition of the customer (Hale and Held 2018). The young should be communicated about the innovations so that they can adjust to the changes taking place. The barriers that are perceived pertaining to supply chain management is in relation to internal external turf protection and the inadequate information system. Poor collaboration in between the chain partners also act like a barrier for Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile I nternational. Product innovation along with brand equity are no longer thought to be sufficient in commanding high price within that of the market (Bryson 2018). Overcoming the barriers pertaining to change The distribution leaders do not get sufficient amount of time and the resources with the help of which they can address the challenges in the modern age. Highly engaged and productive workers should execute well-designed process that can help in overcoming the barriers pertaining to change in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International. The workers should be well-directed and coached by the supervisors for attaining the goals. Appropriate focus should be laid in the field of consistent productivity improvement (Camisn and Villar-Lpez 2014). The training budgets should be sufficient that can help in providing proper training to the warehouse supervisor. Integrated e-commerce that is linked to the back-end of the business process can help in delivering the products to the customer on time. This can prove to be an effective step in overcoming the barriers in relation to change. Modern services are dependent to a great extent on technology and the right software can help in dealing with the changes. The changes taking place in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International can be tackled with the help of SAP Business by Design that can help the elements in working together (Cook 2017). The planning along with monitoring of the review techniques of Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International can be done by making use of reports against the annual operational plan. It can help in reviewing the process of progress and check whether it has been able to meet the strategic objectives (Hale and Held 2018). Appropriate records should be kept that can help in assessing the progress being made. During the time of reviewing the progress, Management Committee should see to it whether the activities are within the bound of agreed strategic objectives of Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International. Different distribution software like Net Suite, Fish Bowl, Vers Accounts and Systum can be made use of by Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International so that it can help in consolidation of data related to finances, revenue and costs (Scott and Davis 2015). The cloud-based management solution can help in managing e-commerce store. With the help of these system, orders along with sales can be managed across that of different channels. It can help in tracking of the revenue and profitability pertaining to the products. Significance of communication pertaining to innovation Innovation is similar to that of change. One of the reason why organisations fail is on account of vagueness pertaining to communicating change. The innovation of the internal process along with organizational re-structuring should be communicated to the employees in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International so that they can work successfully along the new direction (Greenwood et al. 2017). Every aspect in relation to change should be communicated to the personnel of the organization and the benefits of the project should be properly co-ordinated to the employees working in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International. Intersection pertaining to emerging technology along with innovative employees can help in improving the business performance. The new generation of the employees of Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International being more comfortable with the aspect of technology can help in driving of better results (Burke 2017). It can help in the process of driving process that is more efficient and ear better profit margin on account of the innovation. The wholesalers can uncover the best practices with the help of innovations brought about in the organization. The changes will make it easier for the new generation of the employees to do the jobs and it can support the ability of bringing change. New generation of the employees in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International can improve the business performance of the company. The employees will be able to exceed the performance expectations and bring greater profit margin for the company. The distributors with the help of business analytics al ong with mobile access can make agile decisions and communicate effectively with the colleagues. Collaboration can prove to be important in relation to the change agents. Improvement in collaboration in Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International can help in the process of sharing and integration of data within the organization. In the arena of distribution business, the employees are often found to be geographically dispersed and hence collaboration can greatly benefit the Bahrain Maritime and Mercantile International. This will help the company in delivering of products in a more effective manner with the other logistics partners and suppliers. Technology can result in improved performance in the field of wholesale along with distribution. Innovation can pave the path for improving communication within the team and it can help in providing new ways of doing business. References: Bmmigroup.com (2018).BMMI Group. [online] Available at: https://www.bmmigroup.com/ [Accessed 30 Mar. 2018]. Bryson, J.M., 2018.Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations: A guide to strengthening and sustaining organizational achievement. John Wiley Sons. Burke, W.W., 2017.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Camisn, C. and Villar-Lpez, A., 2014. Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of business research,67(1), pp.2891-2902. Cook, N., 2017.Enterprise 2.0: How social software will change the future of work. Routledge. Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Lawrence, T.B. and Meyer, R.E. eds., 2017.The Sage handbook of organizational institutionalism. Sage. Hale, T. and Held, D. eds., 2018.The handbook of transnational governance: Institutions and innovations. John Wiley Sons. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge.

John Grisham Books And Movies Essays - Cinema Of The United States

John Grisham Books And Movies The Pelican Brief was published in 1992 and it went straight up on the bestselling lists. This year they also republished A Time to Kill and it became a hit. From 1991 to today he has published one book a year. After the Pelican Brief came the Client and following that, the Chamber. Then the Rainmaker (1995) and the Runaway Jury (1996) were published. Following his success with the Runaway Jury John Grisham published the Partner in 1997. During the same year he started the next book, the Street Lawyer. It was officialy published in March 1998. Ever since he wrote the Pelican Brief Grisham has published a book a year with the same result. It should be said that all his books have been bestsellers and that six of them have become movies (the Client, the Pelican Brief, the Firm, A Time to Kill, the Chamber and the Rainmaker). John Grisham has also written the script to the movie the Gingerbread Man and a script to a baseball movie. Today he lives in Charlottesville, Virginia with his wife Renee and his two kids Ty and Shea. Grisham writes six months a year and coaches his son's Little League team the other half. He only gives a few interviews a year and he has said that he hates reviews. John Grisham just want to write books and live peacefully and undisturbed with his family. The Pelican Brief was published in 1992 and it went straight up on the bestselling lists. This year they also republished A Time to Kill and it became a hit. From 1991 to today he has published one book a year. After the Pelican Brief came the Client and following that, the Chamber. Then the Rainmaker (1995) and the Runaway Jury (1996) were published. Following his success with the Runaway Jury John Grisham published the Partner in 1997. During the same year he started the next book, the Street Lawyer. It was officialy published in March 1998. Ever since he wrote the Pelican Brief Grisham has published a book a year with the same result. It should be said that all his books have been bestsellers and that six of them have become movies (the Client, the Pelican Brief, the Firm, A Time to Kill, the Chamber and the Rainmaker). John Grisham has also written the script to the movie the Gingerbread Man and a script to a baseball movie. Today he lives in Charlottesville, Virginia with his wife Renee and his two kids Ty and Shea. Grisham writes six months a year and coaches his son's Little League team the other half. He only gives a few interviews a year and he has said that he hates reviews. John Grisham just want to write books and live peacefully and undisturbed with his family. The Pelican Brief was published in 1992 and it went straight up on the bestselling lists. This year they also republished A Time to Kill and it became a hit. From 1991 to today he has published one book a year. After the Pelican Brief came the Client and following that, the Chamber. Then the Rainmaker (1995) and the Runaway Jury (1996) were published. Following his success with the Runaway Jury John Grisham published the Partner in 1997. During the same year he started the next book, the Street Lawyer. It was officialy published in March 1998. Ever since he wrote the Pelican Brief Grisham has published a book a year with the same result. It should be said that all his books have been bestsellers and that six of them have become movies (the Client, the Pelican Brief, the Firm, A Time to Kill, the Chamber and the Rainmaker). John Grisham has also written the script to the movie the Gingerbread Man and a script to a baseball movie. Today he lives in Charlottesville, Virginia with his wife Renee and his two kids Ty and Shea. Grisham writes six months a year and coaches his son's Little League team the other half. He only gives a few interviews a year and he has said that he hates reviews. John Grisham just want to write books and live peacefully and undisturbed with his family. The Pelican Brief was published in 1992 and it went straight up on the bestselling lists. This year they also republished A Time to Kill and it became a hit. From 1991 to today he has published one book a year. After the Pelican Brief came the Client and following that, the Chamber. Then the Rainmaker (1995) and the Runaway Jury (1996) were published. Following his success with the Runaway Jury

History of the Michelson-Morley Experiment

History of the Michelson-Morley Experiment The Michelson-Morley experiment was an attempt to measure the motion of the Earth through the luminous ether. Though often called the Michelson-Morley experiment, the phrase actually refers to a series of experiments carried out by Albert Michelson in 1881 and then again (with better equipment) at Case Western University in 1887 along with chemist Edward Morley. Though the ultimate result was negative, the experiment key in that it opened the door for an alternative explanation for the strange wave-like behavior of light. How It Was Supposed to Work By the end of the 1800s, the dominant theory of how light worked was that it was a wave of electromagnetic energy, because of experiments such as Youngs double slit experiment. The problem is that a wave had to move through some sort of medium. Something has to be there to do the waving. Light was known to travel through outer space (which scientists believed was a vacuum) and you could even create a vacuum chamber and shine a light through it, so all of the evidence made it clear that light could move through a region without any air or other matter. To get around this problem, physicists hypothesized that there was a substance which filled the entire universe. They called this substance the luminous ether (or sometimes luminiferous aether, though it seems like this is just kind of throwing in pretentious-sounding syllables and vowels). Michelson and Morley (probably mostly Michelson) came up with the idea that you should be able to measure the motion of the Earth through the ether. The ether was typically believed to be unmoving and static (except, of course, for the vibration), but the Earth was moving quickly. Think about when you hang your hand out of the car window on a drive. Even if its not windy, your own motion makes it seem windy. The same should be true for the ether. Even if it stood still, since the Earth moves, then light that goes in one direction should be moving faster along with the ether than light that goes in the opposite direction. Either way, so long as there was some sort of motion between the ether and the Earth, it should have created an effective ether wind that would have either pushed or hindered the motion of the light wave, similar to how a swimmer moves faster or slower depending on whether he is moving along with or against the current. To test this hypothesis, Michelson and Morley (again, mostly Michelson) designed a device that split a beam of light and bounced it off mirrors so that it moved in different directions and finally hit the same target. The principle at work was that if two beams traveled the same distance along different paths through the ether, they should move at different speeds and therefore when they hit the final target screen those light beams would be slightly out of phase with each other, which would create a recognizable interference pattern. This device, therefore, came to be known as the Michelson interferometer (shown in the graphic at the top of this page). The Results The result was disappointing because they found absolutely no evidence of the relative motion bias they were looking for. No matter which path the beam took, light seemed to be moving at precisely the same speed. These results were published in 1887. One other way to interpret the results at the time was to assume that the ether was somehow connected to the motion of the Earth, but no one really could come up with a model that allowed this that made sense. In fact, in 1900 the British physicist Lord Kelvin famously indicated that this result was one of the two clouds that marred an otherwise complete understanding of the universe, with a general expectation that it would be resolved in relatively short order. It would take nearly 20 years (and the work of Albert Einstein) to really get over the conceptual hurdles needed to abandon the ether model entirely and adopt the current model, in which light exhibits wave-particle duality. Source Find the full text of their paper published in the 1887 edition of the American Journal of Science, archived online at the AIP website.

Ravage and Ravish - Commonly Confused Words

Ravage and Ravish - Commonly Confused Words Although ravage and ravish come from the same word in Old French (ravirto seize or uproot), they have different meanings in modern English.The verb ravage means to ruin, devastate, or destroy. The noun ravage (often in the plural) means serious damage or destruction.The verb ravish means to seize, rape, carry away by force, or overwhelm with emotion. (The adjective ravishingwhich means  unusually attractive or pleasinghas a more positive connotation.) Examples One of the worlds last great rainforests was ravaged by loggers working for the President of Zimbabwe and his ruling clique.Floods, droughts, and severe storms are likely to ravage North America more frequently as emissions of planet-warming gases rise.Scotland Yard has launched a photo campaign to show the physical ravages caused by drug addiction.The English, we know, are malicious, megalomaniacal sadists intent on world domination. Given the chance, they would almost certainly ravish you, your wife or your sister. They might even eat your children.(Gareth McLean, The Guardian, July 9, 2003) Usage Notes The word ravish, now literary or archaic, should be avoided in nonfigurative contexts. The primary problem with ravish is that it has romantic connotations: it means not only to rape but also to fill with ecstasy or delight. The latter sense renders the word unfit for acting as a technical or legal equivalent of rape, The term describing the act should evoke outrage; it should not be a romantic abstraction, as ravish is.Still, the word ravishing ( captivating, enchanting) is generally considered a perfectly good and complimentary adjective.(Bryan A. Garner, Garners Modern American Usage, Oxford University Press, 2003)Both words refer to powerful and usually destructive forces. Ravage is used when destruction is spread over a wide area by war or other overwhelming forces: ravaged by inflation / tribal warfare / acid rain. Ravish typically has a human subject and object, and means seize, rape or somewhat paradoxically transport with delight. The two kinds of meaning have their respecti ve cliches in ravished virgins and ravished audiences, which are symptomatic of the fact that the word is usually euphemistic or hyperbolic.(Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage, Cambridge University Press, 2004) Practice Questions (a) The credit crunch continues to _____ overstretched banks. (b) According to Montaigne, poetry does not seek to persuade our judgment; it simply _____ and overwhelms it.(c) Over the centuries, much of Koreas historic architecture has suffered the _____ of war and fire. Answers to Practice Questions (a) The credit crunch continues to  ravage  overstretched banks.(b) According to Montaigne, poetry does not seek to persuade our judgment; it simply ravishes  and overwhelms it.(c) Over the centuries, much of Koreas historic architecture has suffered the  ravages  of war and fire.

Triumph of the Will absolve Leni Riefenstahl from responsibility for Essay

Triumph of the Will absolve Leni Riefenstahl from responsibility for its Nazi Propagandist impact - Essay Example This paper aims at reviewing this movie in light of the historical and philosophical context as far as the propaganda in it is concerned. To begin with, the proposition that this film absolves Riefenstahl from the propagandist role that this movie plays can be historically challenged. Even though Riefenstahl is in denial of having well understood the heinous nature of Adolf Hitler, history has its own reservations on the same. As such, her excuse can be dismissed as a simple and odd escapist’s excuse since someone with the creativity and originality akin to Riefenstahl’s is expected to see better, especially on an obvious issues such as the activities of the Nazis and create a film which opposes rather than supports such a movement. As it would be expected in a natural societal setting, Riefenstahl defends herself that she is not a propagandist and blames it all on her naivety and lack of knowledge on the real identity of Adolf Hitler and Nazism when she was forging out this piece of entertainment. On the contrary, one may find it necessary to argue out that this is just a way of freeing herself from the imminent guilt that she compromised truth so much in order to making money and gain fame using this film rather. Praising someone who is not humane might not trace one to a direct injustice but is tantamount to praising Satan, which does not leave him or her innocent anyway. As such, much as the content and style of this book might be delineating Riefenstahl from any form of propaganda, the historical and philosophical reality of the Nazi movement are in contradiction to what she presents. The fact that one of the major characters in this movie is Hitler himself leaves no doubt that Riefenstahl deliberately understood what burden of blame there was to carry as she produced this movie. In fact, this movie is a

How the Social Learning Theory Explains Tax Evasion Literature review

How the Social Learning Theory Explains Tax Evasion - Literature review Example Tax evasion is in the category of white-collar crimes. According to Spicer, Michael, and Lee, White collar crimes are said to be intentional illegal activities conducted by people and institutions to maximize their profits in legal transactions.† The government is usually the victim of tax evasion. Tanzi (1999 p. 267) found that tax evasion reduces finances available to the government thus impeding current development in the country. The offender is the errant taxpayer who is trying to maximize his, hers or its profits through wrongful means.Social learning theory can clearly explain tax evasion. According to Bandura, the social learning theory deals with the socialization, that is, it concentrates more on the development of oneself, individual learning practice and the effect on the socializing individuals by society. This theory has its roots in psychology with psychologist Albert Bandura significantly molding it. Criminologists and sociologists often use this theory to compr ehend crime. Akers, Ronald, et al. (1997 p.640) thoroughly explains social learning as when the likelihood that individuals will take part in criminal and deviant behavior is increased, and the likelihood of their in compliance to the custom is decreased. They differentially interact with others who commit criminal behavior and embrace definitions auspicious to the crim. They are also quite more exposed in-person or figuratively to significant criminal or deviant models, define it as desirable or acceptable in a condition discriminative for the behavior, and have expected in the past and expect in the present-day or yet to come condition reasonably grander incentive than retribution for the behavior.

The affects of football Essay Example for Free

The affects of football Essay From the early ages in history to present day, sports have had a major impact on society. Football is a very popular sport played in America and many other countries. Some may say that football is a violent sport and its not beneficial in any way, but in reality it gives a person all the basic tools needed not only for playing the game, but also how you interact with people in society. Also it is very simple to get involved in most cites and towns. Football is a great game that is both fun and instructive. Football is game played by twenty-two players on a field at once, with eleven players on the defensive and offensive side of the ball. The goal of the game is to get a leather cone shaped ball, called a football, into the opposing teams end zone. On offense you have four tries to gain ten yards and gain a first down, which mean you have another four tries to go another ten yards. The defense in return has four tries to stop the offense or they get the football. A great football team is one that works very well together, and is disciplined enough that they can win without falling apart. Football is such a great sport because it takes eleven players on each side of the ball to do their assignment to become a great team. Each player has a different job, and if every player does their job than they can accomplish their task. There is no other game like football, it is a game where you can tackle and throw your rival as hard as you can without getting in trouble. It is a violent sport but a teams violence has to be controlled. Sports in society today are often a big deal. Teens go to high school and can get very competitive in any sport. Football is one of the best sports to get involved with because it teaches so many things children and teens need to be active in society. It teaches: discipline, teamwork, interaction, self-restraint, and perseverance. It is one of the only team sports that you actually need all the players on the field to work together and knows what theyre doing to become a good team. Practice makes prefect, and to become a better player you need to be disciplined and learn from your mistakes. Football also teaches players to control their anger on and off the field, and to keep working harder. It keeps teens out of trouble and gives them something to do, rather than cause trouble. Living in Amsterdam has a major effect on why I and many other teens play football. Amsterdam is, and has always been, and great football tradition. It all starts out with the children and the great Pee Wee football program we call Little Giants. This program teaches little kids from age seven through twelve the art of the game of football. When players get too old for this program they move on to the junior high school team which has always been another great program that teaches kids the fundamentals of life. Then the players move on to the junior varsity team where they get trained to play on the top school level. Varsity is the top of line for school football. This is where every little giants player wants to play. These players are envied by all, for the decades of great football they have played. There is no other greater feeling than to play a home game on a Friday night under the lights on the Amsterdam turf, while being watches by thousands of screaming fans, the steam that can be seen on the top of every players head, and the joy that runs through your body as you see the time run out and your are a champion again. The greatest accomplishment these players have is winning the state title and raising their helmets in the dome of Syracuse and yelling champions for the last time of their football career. As a player walks off that field there is no better feeling of pride in the fact that you are an Amsterdam football player. Sports have had a major impact on society. Football is a very popular sport played in America and many other countries. Some may say that football is a violent sport and its not beneficial in any way, but in reality it gives a person all the basic tools needed not only for playing the game, but also how you interact with people in society. Also it is very simple to get involved in most cites and towns. It can be the one thing that matters the most in a students high school career. The accomplishments that can be earned from football are like no other. Football takes time and effort to become a better player. To know that your whole team has worked the hardest and plays the best together is an incredible feeling. Football is a great game that is both fun and instructive. After winning a state title and walking off the field I thought to myself, there is not one other thing I would have dedicated myself to for so many years than the hot turf of a football field.

The Mayas, Aztecs, And Incas Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations each originated from Latin America. Some Mayans lived in southern Mexico in the present day states of Chipas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yacatan, and Quintana Roo. Other Mayans lived in Central America in the countries of Belize, Guatemala, and ancient Honduras. The Incas lived in an Empire which they called Tawantinsuyu. Tawantinsuya means four parts. The Incas lived in present day Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, and Argentina. The four parts were a long coastal strip, the high peaks and deep fertile valleys of the Andes, and the mountainous edges of the tropical forest to the East. The Aztecs were from Aztlan in either north or northwest Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each Maya City governed it's surrounding area and some large cities each controlled one or more smaller cities. A Maya City ruler would be succeeded by his younger brother or son. This led generations of a single family to rule for hundreds of years. Inca leaders kept their power by giving entertainment and luxurious goods as gifts to the people. The citizens paid taxes in return for these gifts. In the Inca culture, the emperor married his sister and his generals would be his relatives. The Inca rulers were allowed to govern independently. The Aztec power was held together by land ownership. A few families shared a piece of land and part of the land was given to the state as a tax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Entire Maya families ...

Gestalt Therapy

Gestalt therapy is a therapeutic approach in psychology that helped foster the humanistic theories of the 1950s and 1960s and that was, in turn, influenced by them. In Gestalt philosophy, the patient is seen as having better insight into himself or herself than the therapist does. Thus, the therapist guides the person on a self-directed path to awareness and refrains from interpreting the patient’s behaviors. Awareness comprises recognition of one’s responsibility for choices, self-knowledge, and ability to solve problems. Its originators, Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls (1893–1970) and Laura Perls (born Lore Posner, 1905–1990), were born in Germany and studied psychology there. They fled Germany during the Nazi regime, moving to South Africa and then to New York City. They were both initially influenced by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approaches and by Wilhelm Reich’s Orgonomic psychotherapy. Their later ideas on Gestalt therapy broke with the psychoanalytic tradition, moving toward existentialism and, ultimately, humanism. In New York City the Perls founded the Gestalt Therapy Institute in 1952. Their novel technique in therapy was to face the patient, in contrast to the typical Freudian technique of sitting behind a reclining person. The face-to-face positioning permitted the therapist to direct the patient’s attention to movements, gestures, and postures so the patient could strive to gain a fuller awareness of his or her immediate behaviors and environment. Another well-known approach introduced in Gestalt therapy is the so-called â€Å"empty chair technique,† in which a person sits across from and talks to an empty chair, envisioning a significant person (or object) associated with psychological tensions. By using these techniques, the Perls believed, the patient would be able to gain insight into how thoughts and behaviors are used to deflect attention from important psychological issues and would learn to recognize the presence of issues from the past that affect current behavior. The aim was for the patient to experience feelings, not to gain insight into the reasons for them, as psychoanalysts favored. In the evolution of their therapy, Laura and Fritz Perls differed in some of their approaches. Laura emphasized more direct, physical contact and movement than Fritz did, and the contact favored by Fritz Perls was more symbolic than physical. Gestalt therapy took its name from the school of academic psychology called Gestalt psychology. Perls asserted that Gestalt psychology had influenced the development of his ideas, but the Gestaltists laimed that there was no connection between the two. Later scholars suggested a common substrate linking the academic Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Wolfgang Kohler (1887–1967), and Kurt Koffka (1886–1941) and the Gestalt therapy of the Perls and their collaborators Ralph Hefferline (1910–1974) and Paul Goodman (1911–1972). This commonality involved appreciation of the who le rather than a reductionistic approach to understanding psychological phenomena and behavior. Gestalt therapy took form in the 1950s and 1960s, when humanism first flourished. The optimistic theory promulgated by the Perls was quite compatible with the ideas of other humanistically oriented psychologists such as Carl Rogers (1902–1987). Its influence has waned since the 1980s, although current therapies have been influenced by the humanistic and optimistic outlook of the theory and by some of the interactive techniques developed by the Perls and their followers. Gestalt theory, a major school of psychology during the first half of the twentieth century, was an influential counterpoint to the other mostly atomistic psychological systems of the time: structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism. While its controversies with these other systems during the â€Å"age of schools† in psychology have receded into history, its major tenets once again became salient toward the end of the twentieth century in such fields as social psychology, cognition, personality psychology, and visual neuroscience. Gestalt psychology proposed a radical revision of the atomistic view that had prevailed for centuries in Western science and social science. Natural wholes, according to the Gestalt view, are not simply the sum total of their constituent parts. Rather, characteristics of the whole determine the nature of its parts, prescribing the place, role, and function of each part in the unified whole. The Gestalt principle of Pragnanz, furthermore, asserts that the organization of any whole will be as â€Å"good† (i. e. , balanced, simple, integrated) as the prevailing conditions allow. This insistence on holistic processes applies equally to all integrated wholes, from physical systems such as electrical fields, magnetic fields, and soap films to psychological systems such as cognitive processes, the organization of perception, personality, and social phenomena. The Gestalt movement is generally viewed (Ash 1995; King and Wertheimer 2005) as having been launched by a series of experiments by Max Wertheimer (1880–1943) on apparent movement published in 1912, although clear indications of a Gestalt perspective were already evident in two earlier publications of Wertheimer on musical structures (1910) and on aboriginal thinking about numerical issues (1912). Two of Wertheimer’s colleagues who served as observers in these experiments, Wolfgang Kohler (1887–1967) and Kurt Koffka (1886–1941), became his collaborators during the next decades in promulgating the new Gestalt approach (Kohler 1929; Koffka 1935). A typical experiment in Wertheimer’s series involved, for example, exposure of a short vertical line in the visual field, followed after a brief interval by exposure of a second similar vertical line a short distance away from where the first one had been exposed. If the time and distance relations are appropriate, observers see a single line moving from one location to the other. The experience is indistinguishable from watching an actual short vertical line move from one location to the other; in both cases, the perception of motion is immediate and compelling. The prevailing alternate theoretical orientations, maintaining that percepts always correspond with their correlated physical stimuli, could not explain the perceived motion when the actual stimuli are two stationary lines successively exposed. The whole, the experience of motion as a Gestalt, cannot be derived from a combination of the â€Å"component sensations† of the two stationary stimuli. The Gestalt school became prominent in European and American psychology. Its principles of perceptual organization have been summarized in almost every introductory psychology textbook; Wertheimer’s book Productive Thinking. (1945) challenged the computer models of the late twentieth century to try to account for the ubiquitous cognitive processes of insight and understanding.

Impact Of Technology Medical Field Health And Social Care Essay

Medical engineering in a wide manner has frequently been used to mention to the equipments, processs, and procedures by which medical services are delivered. This encompasses disease diagnosing, monitoring of disease conditions and intervention, with an purpose of bettering the quality of health care delivered and patient results, by timely diagnosing, efficient intervention and usage of less invasive sawboness. Healthcare expenditures remain an of import portion of national merchandises of developed states. Medical practicians are faced with high outlooks on healthcare public presentation among citizens due to additions awareness on wellness related jobs, high life anticipation and emphases put on care of high quality of medical services. The high incidences of disease complications and chronic conditions due to the alterations of life styles have fueled the medical field the recent health care inventions. These outlooks propel the field to computing machine applications. Technologi cal progresss have intensified since the 1980s. This has revolutionized the medical field. The rate of alteration is that the medical professionals are holding a job get bying with the alteration. This alteration has come in signifier of practical physicians, computing machine aided operations, usage of root cells, testing engineerings, Computerized Tomography scanner, Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique, usage of Ultra sound, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, usage of Capsule Endoscopy, Robotic Surgical System, Circulatory aid devices and biomedical technology. With the increased cyberspace use, the medical professionals are set uping what can be referred to as practical infirmaries. These are cyberspace based infirmaries where patient ‘s demands are attended to online. The patient or the individual taking attention of the patient electronic mail the physician via cyberspace and the physician, after reexamining the instance advises the patient consequently. This engineering has produced a new harvest of physicians referred to as cyberspace physicians. An illustration of such is the World Clinic at Lahey Clinic Center near Boston started by Dr. Daniel Carlin. The Clinic serves clients from around the Earth among them crewmans, concern executives and tourers. The clinic has been able to use nine physicians within a period of three old ages of being, a testimony to the popularity of the thought ( Gorman 2001 ) . Promotion of engineering has besides brought about Intensification of engineering convergence which involves sharing of medical information, between medical practicians, medical devices and information webs has been the modern tendency impacting health care ( ZieliA„ski 2005 ) . Usually engineering convergence includes the sharing of patients present and past medical information, critical marks, clinical research lab consequences, patient dismaies, prescribed and implemented interventions, and perchance the patient organic structure response. This is adopted by medical professionals to entree information about the patient. The systems can be used in hospital charge sections, researches, and for measuring the clinical effectivity of recommended interventions. The possible benefits are workflow cyclosis, seamless recording and sharing of information, and an overall patient attention betterment. A uniformly presented patient informations have resulted to better clinical determinat ion devising and designation of clinical complaints while they are still manageable. Use of tissue root cells is another technological discovery that has had a enormous consequence on the medical field. Tissue root cells besides known as grownup root cells are regenerative cells of the human organic structure that possess the ability to specialise and develop into other tissues of the organic structure. Get downing in an unspecialised and undeveloped province, these cells can be coaxed to go bosom tissue, tegument cells and many other tissues ( Shi & A ; Singh 2008 ) . The cells are found in human organic structure variety meats and tissues such fat, bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, placenta, neural beginnings and olfactive tissues. Stem cell engineering has made a great alteration in the medical field in that diseased or damaged tissues can now go healthy and robust through the extract of such cells. Doctors have utilized root cells in intervention of autoimmune diseases such as multiple induration, arthritic arthritis and Crohn ‘s disease ( Shi & A ; Singh 2008 ) . Technology has besides brought alterations in surgery in signifier of the less invasive surgery which is now preferred as the surgical attack for many diseases, including malignant neoplastic disease and bosom disease. It is chiefly done on outpatients and merely on an nightlong stay in infirmary ( Scuderi 2009 ) . Less invasive processs are performed through one or more short scratchs unlike unfastened surgery that requires long scratchs. The procedure is less painful with less postoperative hurting on the patient. Through the less invasive surgery there is an overall better result with faster recovery and a shorter infirmary stay. Even though laparoscopic techniques vary, sawboness insert long thin tubing with a lighted camera at its tip, through the scratch. Two dimension images are sent from the camera at the surgical site, to a high definition proctor throughout the operation, and are watched by the sawbones. Screening is the probe of symptomless persons to observe those with a high chance of developing or holding a given complication. Diseases that present a important wellness job are identified by testing and countervail the cost of incommodiousness and farther complications every bit good as possible injuries. The purpose of showing is to extinguish or detain decease from diseases. With prevalence of chest malignant neoplastic disease staying high it is estimated that mortality from chest malignant neoplastic disease in United States is 40 000 adult females. Breast malignant neoplastic disease testing utilizing screen-film mammography is used ( Bassett 2005 ) . The mammography testing involves exposure to radiations. Its value is in assisting salvage lives by early sensing. Diagnostic free adult females are exposed to x-ray. In such operations high proficient quality images are produced and competent image readings is done for successful results. Computerized Tomography scanner uses X raies and a computing machine to do images of variety meats inside the organic structure. It takes images of cross subdivision of the organic structure organs. At times the patient is asked to imbibe a particular liquid or injected with a particular x-ray dye. A CT scanner has a unit of ammunition Centre gap and a level bed to lie on. While lying on the bed, it easy moves to the gap where images are taken under the CT staff control. The benefits are that inside informations of parts inside the organic structure such as lungs and blood vass are obtained without utilizing surgery. The CT scans uses radiations that are accurate, fast, and painless and leave no radiations after the scan is finished. Positron Emission Tomography a organic structure scanning method that detects radioactive substances injected into the organic structure. It is used to supply information on map and assist distinguish normal tissue from malignant neoplastic disease, instead that information on construction. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique has been used chiefly to bring forth high quality images of the inside human organic structure constructions in medical scenes. It produces elaborate images of variety meats and tissues throughout the organic structure without the demand of X raies. Images of ocular equivalent of an anatomy piece utilizing wireless frequences, a computing machine and a big magnet that surrounds the patient. An MRI is painless and the magnetic Fieldss produce no known sorts of tissue harm Nuclear medical specialty diagnosis technique is a technique that uses minimum sums of radioactive stuffs that are introduced into the organic structure. When these arterials are introduced into the organic structure hey are taken up by specific variety meats, tissues or castanetss, the emanations generated provide important information on a peculiar disease of malignant neoplastic disease. Since the information given describes organ map and non merely construction many diseases including malignant neoplastic disease are detected early. The other medical technique is the usage of Ultra sound. This incorporates the usage of high -frequency sound moving ridges and their reverberations. The technique has a close comparing with the echo sounding used by giants, mahimahi and chiropterans. These machines are portable and they display the strengths and distances of the reverberations produced on the screen, organizing a two dimension image. Some images can even be formed without utilizing radiations particularly in OBs and gynaecology besides in cardiology and urogenital medicine. The technological invention of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator is an astonishing experience that literally brings patients back from the threshold of decease. It ‘s a device that is of the size of a beeper that monitors the bosom rate ( Liem 2001 ) . It utilizes batteries to direct electric signals to a bosom that ‘s crushing excessively slow or reconstruct unnatural pulse to a bosom that is crushing much to fast or chaotically. The cardiac defibrillation is a preventative intervention in selected patients at high cardiac decease hazard caused by Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias. Basically, for people with a bad bosom beat job, a defibrillator is implanted near the neckband bone, under the tegument at the thorax and wires run to the bosom. When the bosom rate is non normal, it tries to return the pulse back to normal. Abnormality occurs either when the pulse is excessively slow, and it works as a pacesetter and sends bantam electrical signals to the bosom, or w hen the pulse is helter-skelter or excessively fast, it generates defibrillation dazes to collar the unnatural beat. In the twelvemonth 2000 physicians from England reported the usage of Capsule Endoscopy to find the causes of little intestine hemorrhage ( Classen 2010 ) . The capsule has a battery with 6 hr lifetime, a strong visible radiation beginning, a camera and a sender. After get downing of the capsule, it transmits images of the interior of the gorge, tummy and little bowel to a receiving system worn as a belt by the patient. The receiving system is returned to the physician after 6 hours, who loads the information into computing machine and reexamine it, to observe GI abnormalcies. The capsule is passed out through the colon and eliminated in the stool. However if the capsule acquire stuck in the little bowel, surgical remotion is undertaken ( Collins 2008 ) . So far the capsule is considered safe and easy to take since merely rare instances of side effects have been reported. The promotion has been used to research the tight twisted countries of the little bowel, which traditional invasi ve tube-and-lens endoscopes can non make. While congestive bosom failure remains a taking cause of cardiac disablement and decease, promotion of pharmacologic therapies is guaranting that patients are populating longer and more productive lives. Circulatory assist devices have been used for the direction of patients with bosom complaints where the intercessions have failed. In 1982 an unreal bosom was implanted into Barney Clark ( Bankston 2002 ) . Although he merely survived for 112days, subsequently a figure of experimental devices were implanted throughout the universe. It has led to intervention solutions for terminal bosom diseases ; heart specialists have overcome organ rejections and enhanced drawn-out endurance rates of transplant patients. The unreal bosom consists of a hydraulic pump, an internal battery, an external battery and an internal accountant unit. In the military medical aid, the Robotic Surgical System has been used to handle a hurt soldier in the battleground utilizing advanced diagnostic and operated machines from distant location. The automaton carries out bids of a sawbones that controls the procedures ; otherwise the automaton can non execute the surgery by itself. The physician receives a picture eating from the automaton and utilizes a system of surgical operators to execute the operations. His actions and voice bids are communicated wirelessly to the machine-controlled system as he moves his custodies in operators ; the automaton so replicates his actions. Besides due to parade in battlegrounds that loose their custodies and weaponries there is a plan that is underway to revolutionise upper organic structure prosthetics. This is being researched on to develop improved unreal weaponries that would execute like existent weaponries controlled by the cardinal nervous system. On the converse what was ab initio an art of lovingness and compassion, has clearly become a scientific discipline of medical specialty and positions disease as licking. More involvement is made on the technological promotion and disease but non the single being treated.The life prolonging machines has lead to the modern phenomenon of deceasing when machines are shut off. Dehumanization by engineering is good exhibited during the decease of a patient ; he is surrounded by machines and impersonal systems in intensive attention units instead than their families at place. Professionalism in the medical attention has been characterized by a turning withdrawal from the alone concerns of single patients and a loss personal relationship to the patients. Health workers no longer associate to the full to patients as other persons but as representatives of professions and healthcare organisations. The trefoils have become more bureaucratic and impersonal. As a consequence of this there has ari sen the inequality between those in demand of medical aid and those with the capableness of reacting to the demand. Although great progresss in the medical field have added value to the human life, this impersonal quality of attention coupled with the inequality has led to turning misgiving and a feeling of dehumanisation by the patients. The electronics industry has incorporated the biomedical technology in research development of instruments ; design and alteration of contraptions to relieve hurting extend life and reconstruct wellness. Biomedical applied scientists spend tonss of clip planing electrical circuits and computing machine package for medical instruments Progresss in medical engineering have big benefits in health care. These technological progresss besides raise healthcare outgo significantly ( Moody 2006 ) . To run the machines, great professionalism and old ages of expertness is required doing the cost of such services rise by a great border. The research and experimentation before the engineering is authenticated, requires pecuniary investing that finally must be recovered and the much required work force compensated. Particularly for the inventions that their use does non distribute to the full population, in the long tally services become about beyond range. Globally the cost of intervention has risen with technological development. The benefits gained have outweighed the extra cost of health care services. The desire to happen better ways to handle patients as they compete with other suppliers have motivated the involvement to make new merchandises and for a clearer apprehension of human organic structure anatomy and physiolog y. The handiness of high engineering diagnosing and engineering has led to a better quality of life. In the medical field there has been a more elaborate apprehension of disease pathogenesis and organic structure physiology. By such acquisition, diseases that antecedently were termed as untreatable and accounted for high mortalities in human populations, have been favourably been combated. Ailments that are symptomless can be detected early plenty before the down the organic structure functionality, and its defence mechanisms. Although the cost of intervention gave gone up, more resources are saved due to cut downing the devastation on organic structure variety meats and tissues, and besides human resources lost while patient are in weak conditions for a long clip. Many patients view new medical innovations as the replies to their health care jobs. There is ever room for medical innovations, as every twenty-four hours dawns diseases and particularly malignant neoplastic disease cells re quire more understanding and more effectual interventions. There are much more medical technological promotion that have been made including, birth controls, birthrate aid utilizing trial tubing babes, that have relieved twosomes of their psychological and physiological emphasiss. The measure that remains is to give more attempt to doing the current engineering accessible.

Free Essays on Theme In Anitgone

Antigone, by Sophocles, is a play that has three major themes. All three of these themes play a very important part in this play. The three major themes are fate, love, and pride. Oedipus had killed his father, king of Thebes, not knowing it was his father and then took over Thebes. He married Iocaste, queen of Thebes (his mother), and had four children; one was a girl named Antigone. When Oedipus had figured out who he was and what he had done he moved away and cut out his eyes. Iocaste's cousin, Creon, had taken over as king of Thebes. He had made Oedipus' two sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, enemies of each other and they killed each other. Creon denied Polyneices proper burial because he was an enemy and that where this play begins.Fate is what had gotten the family of Oedipus where we begin this play. Fate is why Oedipus had killed his father, marry his mother, and then find out all about it. Fate then tortured Oedipus and he cut out his eyes. Fate had made Creon new king of Thebe s and then have Oedipus' sons kill each other. Antigone's fate was to die trying to honor her dead brother and be loyal her family. In the first paragraph of the play it reads, "My darling sister Ismene, we have had a fine inheritance from Oedipus. God has gone through the whole range of sufferings and piled them all on us, -grief upon grief, humiliation upon humiliation". This tells just how bad fate had treated the family of Oedipus. Creon's fate though was to lose all of his family and live the rest of his life knowing it was his entire fault. In the end of the play Creon says, " Nobody else to share the blame. Just me... I killed you. I killed you my dear.Love is what had gotten Antigone in this problem. Her love for her brother was so great that she sacrificed her life for the respect that his deserved. Haemon's love for Antigone had made him kill himself when he found her dead body. Creon's wife's love for Haemon had made her kill herself when she foun... Free Essays on Theme In Anitgone Free Essays on Theme In Anitgone Antigone, by Sophocles, is a play that has three major themes. All three of these themes play a very important part in this play. The three major themes are fate, love, and pride. Oedipus had killed his father, king of Thebes, not knowing it was his father and then took over Thebes. He married Iocaste, queen of Thebes (his mother), and had four children; one was a girl named Antigone. When Oedipus had figured out who he was and what he had done he moved away and cut out his eyes. Iocaste's cousin, Creon, had taken over as king of Thebes. He had made Oedipus' two sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, enemies of each other and they killed each other. Creon denied Polyneices proper burial because he was an enemy and that where this play begins.Fate is what had gotten the family of Oedipus where we begin this play. Fate is why Oedipus had killed his father, marry his mother, and then find out all about it. Fate then tortured Oedipus and he cut out his eyes. Fate had made Creon new king of Thebe s and then have Oedipus' sons kill each other. Antigone's fate was to die trying to honor her dead brother and be loyal her family. In the first paragraph of the play it reads, "My darling sister Ismene, we have had a fine inheritance from Oedipus. God has gone through the whole range of sufferings and piled them all on us, -grief upon grief, humiliation upon humiliation". This tells just how bad fate had treated the family of Oedipus. Creon's fate though was to lose all of his family and live the rest of his life knowing it was his entire fault. In the end of the play Creon says, " Nobody else to share the blame. Just me... I killed you. I killed you my dear.Love is what had gotten Antigone in this problem. Her love for her brother was so great that she sacrificed her life for the respect that his deserved. Haemon's love for Antigone had made him kill himself when he found her dead body. Creon's wife's love for Haemon had made her kill herself when she foun...

The Ultimate 4 Step Guide to Changing Careers

The Ultimate 4 Step Guide to Changing Careers Choosing a career is a tough thing- and a lifelong process. You might pick a job early, just out of school or based on your interests as a 20-something. It would be great if that were a direct path to your retirement decades later, after years of building a fulfilling career from that initial decision. But not every career path is quite that straightforward. You might wake up after 10 years and think, â€Å"I really don’t want to be a widget coordinator anymore.† Or maybe you’ve been laid off, and realize that hmm, you weren’t all that happy in your career even before the fact. Whatever leads to that revelation, you should embrace it as an opportunity when it comes.  If you are thinking about making a career change, here are the 4 steps you can take to make it a reality: Step 1.   Figure out what do you really want to be doing.Step 2.   What does the roadmap look like?Step 3.   Updating Your ResumeStep 4.   Build (and then work) your network  I f you’re thinking about changing your career, you’re in in good company. There are very few hard stats on how many people do change careers midstream- the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics doesn’t keep data on career changers, mostly because the data is so unclear  and not really tracked anywhere- but we do know that some very famous people only achieved those heights only after they pulled the trigger on a career change.Did you know that:Walt Disney was originally a newspaper editor?Actor Harrison Ford was a carpenter before his first big movie role?Uber-chef Julia Child was a bureaucrat and spy for the U.S. government during World War II, before she mastered French cuisine?Actor Steve Buscemi was a New York City firefighter?Pope Francis was a chemical technician before joining the priesthood? One thing these people all have in common (aside from amazing success) is that they each made a career decision based on the difference between what they were doing, and what they wanted to do with their lives. This isn’t to say that everyone should drop a stable, bill-paying job in order to pursue that dream of opening a puppet theater. However, if you think that changing careers is the best next step for you and your goals, then there are ways to make the jump in a smart and practical way.Step 1: What do you want to be doing?The best thing you can do up front is to start thinking about what it is you really want to do. According to a Deloitte Shift Index survey in 2010 (which tracked workplace trends), a staggering 80% of respondents lacked passion at their jobs. That’s a lot of disengaged people, or people at risk of checking out. Still, it’s not enough to feel vaguely unhappy at your current job, or on your current path. You need a plan for finding what it is you would be passionate about doing as a career.80% of respondents lacked passion at their jobsIn the following Tedx Talk, career coach Scott Dinsmore offers some advic e on how to transition that dissatisfaction or malaise into real and lasting personal change. He recommends doing some soul searching on the following questions:What are your strengths? What are you good at doing? What would you do even if no one paid you?What are your values? Are you driven by people (family, friends)? Are you most concerned with success and achievement? How do those factor into your decision, and what is your â€Å"soul† made of?What are your experiences? What do you like, or dislike? What are you good at or bad at doing? What have your experiences told you about what you want, and what experiences inspire you? You have years of experiences, as well as successes and mistakes, which form a baseline of expectations. Together, these factors can be pulled together to help you figure out what you want those successes to look like in the future, and what kinds of jobs would help you get there.Step 2: What does the roadmap look like?Changing careers is a process. At an early point in said process, you can’t really predict the outcome. But you can definitely map out your expectations, and the likely steps it will take to get there.For example, take a look at this  career change roadmap:Step 3: Update your resume.This means updating your resume and your cover letter to align with your revised career goals. Many job hunters make the easy mistake of assuming that their same old resume will do, and that hiring managers will connect the dots on skills and experience. Don’t let that be you! Take the initiative to rebuild your resume for your soon-to-be new career. On your resume, you have a bit of an added challenge, compared to another candidate who has more industry experience, so you need to craft your resume 2.0 to reflect that reality.If you have a lot of skills that will be transferable from your old career to the new job(s) for which you’re applying:Your best bet is likely a combination resume, where you craft the stan dard linear list of your jobs, but kick off the resume with a bulleted list of qualifications/skills. The bullet points in the work history section should, of course, emphasize the skills you want to play up in the qualifications summary. You might want to get your resume evaluated by  a professional resume expert  as well. (For more on how to write a great qualifications summary, visit Resume Genius.)Here’s an example:Qualifications SummaryLeadership:Leading marketing teams of 5+ people.Creativity:Designing and implementing ROI strategies aimed at streamlining marketing campaigns.Communication:Presenting marketing proposals to clients. Combination resumes can be great for covering up gaps in experiences or long lags between jobs, but keep in mind that the lack of specific dates and other details might raise a red flag with hiring managers or interviewers. Be prepared to speak to those in the interview, as well as emphasize the transferrable skills you have.If you are bas ically starting over, and want to downplay your work history:Work on drafting a functional resume, where you group your skills into headers and bullets.Here’s an example:Marketing ExperienceCreated brand-awareness social media campaigns for a national car rental company.Improved engagement and conversion rates for 3 straight years.If you’re concerned that your career change narrative won’t overcome the relative lack of experience: Write a resume that covers the standard skills and work history, but write a detailed cover letter that explains a) your passion for the industry you’re trying to break into; b) why your experience travels well into this new arena; and c) your strong motivation to start over, or find a foothold at this particular company. Your resume will still need to stand on its own, but you want to make sure the hiring manager is clear that you know your experience may not be extensive, but you have the skills and passion necessary for this job.Step 4: Build (and then work) your network.The best new resume in the world may not mean much if you can’t get it in front of the right people. Online application engines and emailed resumes have their place (and will likely do so for a long time to come), but one of the most effective ways to get noticed is also one of the oldest and lowest-tech: word of mouth. If you know someone in a company who can recommend you for an open position, it’s like getting a gold star on your resume. It may not get you an automatic job offer, but having an insider vouch for you could very well increase the odds of getting your application a closer look. Plus, seeking out people in your target industry can help you get a better handle on the industry itself, letting you ask questions and get information that might not be as readily available from internet searches.And don’t discount your existing network: you never know who knows someone else, especially in this age of LinkedI n. Don’t be afraid to put it out there that you’re looking to make connections in a new area. Use your social networks (Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter) to find new connections or experts to follow. However, make sure you’re discreet about it if you’re not ready to announce your career change plans to your current employer. (Maybe don’t post a status update that says, â€Å"Hate my job, want to know more about alpaca farming. Anyone know any local animal farmers I can talk to?†)If you truly don’t have any overlap between your current network and your new industry, start with some basic research. Look for groups online related to your target job, and â€Å"listen† in on message boards or email lists for a while. This can also let you know about industry events, job openings, or networking opportunities that you might not know about otherwise.Whether your new career is on par with the carpenter-to-Han Solo transition, well, that rema ins to be seen. But if you know that you’re ready to commit to a jump (or at least commit to the idea of jumping), there’s no point in waiting until the time is right. Because you know what? That time may never come if you don’t make it happen yourself. But you can set yourself up so that there’s a time that feels comfortable for making the transition.

The effect of Technological advances on the validity and reliability Research Paper

The effect of Technological advances on the validity and reliability of criminal profiling - Research Paper Example s, the new technologies have had a profound influence on the developments shaping the contemporary criminal profiling process and completely impacted both its validity and reliability at the same time. This paper sets out to interrogate the effect of technological advances on the validity and reliability of criminal profiling; specifically, this paper will explore the manner in which the new technological innovations are preventing crime and enhancing police performance. Furthermore, this paper will investigate the allegations that criminal profiling and the American criminal justice processes are flawed and skewed by human limitations leading to false confessions and improper convictions. Eventually, the impact of technology, in terms of both the intended and unintended consequences of technology-driven solutions to crime, as well as through the contributions and limitations of information technologies, will also be highlighted. Evidently, criminal profiling is one of the critical behavioral and investigative tools used by criminal investigators to accurately envisage and establish a sketch for the features of an unidentified criminal subject of offender. Based on an analysis of the nature of a crime and the manner in which that crime was committed, as well as an evaluation of the offender’s choices before, during and after the offence, criminal profilers are able to identify a perpetrator and numerous aspects of the offender’s personality make up. Combining these insights with any other vital information and existing evidence as well as comparing that with the traits of known personality types and mental disorders, criminal investigators are able to establish a practical working profile of the offender. The principle goals of criminal profiling are to give law enforcement a social and mental evaluation of the offender as well as a psychological assessment of the possessions of the offender; c riminal profiling also aims to yield suggestions and strategies

Professional Capstone Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Professional Capstone Project - Essay Example In particular, the paper analyzes the problem or issue identified in the articles, strengths and weakness of the articles and proposed recommendations/solutions. Lastly, the paper gives a rationale to support the choice of the literature and its significance to the project. The articles propose pain prevention theories other than use of therapies. The first search strategy applied in the study is the use of well-built clinical questions. In this context, well-built research questions are those deduced from the research topic so that they respond to key issues that form the topic. 1. Ferrel, B., Levy, M. H., & Paice, J. (2008). Managing pain from advanced cancer in the palliative care setting. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 12 (4), 575-81. The author proposes a gate control theory of pain among cancer patients in palliative care. In particular, the article recommends integration of physical, physiological, social, and spiritual therapies for the well-being of patients. This app roach is of key interest to patients and caregivers/nurses. ... 2. Kumar, S. P. (2011). Reporting characteristics of cancer pain: A systematic review and quantitative analysis of research publications in palliative care journals. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 17 (1), 57-66. This article identifies cancer as a â€Å"global health burden† and has reviewed existing scientific literature on palliative to establish whether there exists â€Å"adequate scientific research base on cancer pain† (Kumar, 2011, p. 57). The article proposes that adequate scientific research would be instrumental in pain management among cancer patients. In particular, effective research practices would enable researchers to identify chief causes of pain among cancer patients. Moreover, adequate research will make recommendations concerning the problem. The article uses sociological theories of self-awareness to solve cancer pain among patients. The article complies with up-to-date research on pain management among cancer patients, and hence is significant i n the study. 3. Fayers, P. M., Hjermstad, M. J., Klepstad, P., Loge, J. H., Caraceni, A., Hanks, G. W., & Kaasa, S. (2011). The dimensionality of pain: Palliative care and chronic pain patients differ in their reports of pain intensity and pain interference. Pain, 152 (7), 1608-20. The article draws attention to the significance of accuracy in assessment of pain in palliative care. There are different levels of pain among terminally ill patients, and hence the need for different pain management practices. The article proposes the specificity theory as the best pain management theory among cancer patients. The article uses quantitative research techniques to categorize cancer pain. The article identifies intensity and

Modern Tecnological Rivals or partners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern Tecnological Rivals or partners - Essay Example As a result, India has become politically and economically more influential in the region in the past ten years. However, trade among the South East Asian nations and India has not been balanced. In early 2003, trade talks stalled; its trade agreements with individual nations have proceeded smoothly, but with the entire ASEAN group reaching agreement has been difficult. In order for India to accomplish internal reforms, it needs allies and trade with its neighbors (Hong, 2007, p. 129). Smaller economies in the region want to protect themselves from being flooded with cheaper Indian goods, so India has had difficulty leveraging trade agreements with all nations in the region. Smaller economies want balanced trade. China, obviously, has great influence in Asia, not only because of its land mass but because of its position in global politics and economics. China has ramped up trade with everyone across the world and as a result, its economy and clout have increased as India’s has been decreasing. In response, India has increased its relationships with Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, both through the ASEAN and the BIMSTEC coalitions. However, India is not currently powerful enough to threaten these nations’ relationships with China (Hong, 2007, p. 133). For its part, China would prefer to work with India rather than see it rise as a power in its own right. Encouraging interdependent economies and setting aside political differences would stabilize the entire region. Overall, India, China, and the ASEAN nations have similar political views and all three are attempting to increase global trade (Hong, 2007, p. 138). This introduces a competition among them as each entity tries to balance internal growth, regional partnerships, and the need to establish themselves in the global economy. To resolve the situation, it is in the best interests of all to strengthen partnerships. Hong’s

Three Tier Architecture Is A Client Server Information Technology Essay

Three Tier Architecture Is A Client Server Information Technology Essay In software engineering, three-tier architecture is a client-server architecture which consists of three layer; presentation layer, functional process logic layer and data layer and is develop and maintain as different module. This architecture is developed by Jon J.Donovan in Open Environment Corporation(OEC), a tools company the founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. By dividing application into tiers or layers, developers only have to modify or add a specific logic into the desired layer, rather than rewrite the whole application. This architecture will allows developer to create a more flexible, reusable and maintainable application. This kind of Three-tier layer can also be known as multi-tier architecture or n-tier architecture. Example when user wants to change the text colour from black to red, only the presentation layer will be affected. A common example of three tier architecture is ATM (Automated Teller Machine) or Cash Machine. The GUI (Graphical User Interface) where we select services is the presentation layer for ATM. When selecting one of the services that are displayed on the screen, designated event for the services will be invoked. This common set of behaviour is designed in the functional process logic layer. When requesting information such as checking the balance in our bank account, ATM will get the data from the database or application server. This will be the data layer. Presentation Layer or can also be known as presentation tier, a layer where the presentation or user interface of an application is designed or displayed. In other word, this is the layer which will display all the information that is needed or requested by the user. Presentation layer is the top most layers in the three-tier architecture. Besides displaying information that is needed by user, this layer will also be used to communicate between other layers by user. For example in Window OS (Operating System), program icon is displayed to allow user to click on it to open the clicked program. Presentation layer is also part of security where only the needed information will be displayed while other sensitive information will be kept. For example, stock department will need to be able to view and edit the product stock while sales department only need to be able to view the stock that is available. The presentation layer for Al-Seraj Hire Firm will consist of multiple types. This is because Al-Seraj Hire Firm has different employees that are specialise in different type of aspect of business services in the hire firm. Some employees will only need to display certain information while other may have more or less information. For example in Al-Seraj Hire Firm; purchasing, customer account, sales and marketing will have their own presentation layer. Functional process logic Layer Functional process logic Layer is the middle layer in the three-tier architecture. It can also be known business or data access tier, a layer where logic and calculation is taken place. In other word, the business function or business flow will design in this layer. Functional process logic layer contain the code or function to control the application functionality and also the application business flow. Besides that, it also contains the business logic of the company. Functional process logic Layer is separated from presentation layer and data layer is to protect the confidentiality and integrity of business flow of a company. Besides that, function is shared by different users. This enables the system to have a consistent and centralized function that can be used by different users. For example, the function or logic to view the stock that is available in the company that is viewed by the stock department the same as what is seen by the sales department. Other than that, by separating the functional process logic layer, it will enable the administrator or person in charge of the system to easily add in or modify the logic in the system without affecting the other layer. The functional process logic layer in Al-Seraj Hire Firm will contain the function to indicate whether the customer is a private customer or a business customer. This is because private customer and business customer has their own business logic. Examples of business logic are hiring equipment for private customer is restricted within five miles radius while business customer doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have this restriction. Besides that, business customer will have a 24-hours customer services to replace the faulty equipment while private customer will need to bring in the faulty equipment to replace to working equipment or get a full refund if the equipment is not available. Data Layer Data Layer or can also be known as data tier, is a layer where all the data which is inserted by the user is saved. In other word, all information that is entered by the user will be saved in this layer. Data layer will be responsible to provide the data that is requested from the user. Besides that data can be shared by different users. By doing this, data integrity can be achieved and providing accurate data that is requested by users. This is because the data is saved in a single database which allow different user to get access and request for the data. Besides that, by separating data layer, this will improves the scalability and performance of the system. The data layer in Al-Seraj Hire Firm will contain the price of the equipment and also the delivery time that is offered by the suppliers. Besides that, it also contains the customer account and also the account packages that are provided by the hire firm. The five most important user group for Al-Seraj Hire Firm System are Purchasing, Customer Account, Stock Management, Sales and Marketing and Administrator. Administrator Administrator is a user group which have the most privileges than any other user group in the system. This is because administrator is a user group that is designed to control or use the full function of the system. Besides that, they also have the privilege to change sensitive data such as the price or discount value for each type of membership account. This user group is used by the owner of Al-Seraj Hire Firm or the person-in-charge of the system. There are three quality requirements for Administrator user group. The first quality requirements are security requirement. Security requirement is the requirement for the user to be authenticated and authorize as administrator user group. In this user group, the user of the system will need to be authenticated before user is allowed to be authorized as an administrator. The second quality requirements are modifiability requirement. Modifiability is the requirement for the user to be able to add, modify or delete any data in the database. In this user group, the user of the system will be able to add, modify or delete data in the system. Examples of data in database are discount value for silver membership, gold membership and diamond membership. The third and last quality requirements are testability requirement. Testability requirement is the requirement for the user to be able to test the whole system with ease. In this user group, user will have the full function that is provided in the system. This also includes other user group function such as stock management and customer account information. Administrator user group is the top user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because any changes that are made by administrator user group, other user group will also be affected. For example, discount value for silver membership which are currently 10%, has been changed to 15%, all user group will have to follow the new discount value. Customer Account Customer Account user group is a user group which is responsible for managing customer. In other word, this user group is designed to manage all the type of customer who makes transaction with Al-Seraj Hire Firm. Besides that, this user group also responsible to modify or update customer information and also provide customer services to the customers. There are two quality requirements for Customer Account user group. The first quality requirement is modifiability. User in this user group will need to be able to change the customer account information as accurate as possible to maintain the productivity of the company. For example, company X has changed their address; the user will need to change the address to the new address to allow other employee to deliver the goods to the destination. The second and last quality requirement is performance. Performance requirement is the requirement for the user to be able to access or display the desired data in a less amount of work. In this user group, user will need to use the system to search out the suitable customer account in a less amount of time. Customer account user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because all customer details will need to be added into customer account database. As for the data of the customer account, user from the same level will need to take reference to decide which type of customer are they dealing with. For example, a customer has called in and reported that one of their tool has been broke, the user will need to check the customer details to identify whether the customer is a business customer or a private customer. Sales and Marketing Sales and Marketing user group is a user group which is responsible for doing sales transaction with the customer. In other word, this user group is designed to record any transaction that is made with customer into the database via Al-Seraj Hire Firm system. Besides that, this user group will also keep track or produce a financial report according to the sales transaction that has been made in a period of time. There are three quality requirements for sales and marketing user group. The first requirement is performance. Performance is important for this user group because this is where the income of the Al-Seraj Hire Firm came from. User in this user group will need to have the speed and efficiency to search for tool that is available in time and also the price for it. Besides that, they also need to identify whether it is an existing customer and which type of customer are they in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. For example, two users from this user group will be able to use the system simultaneously to search for customer information. The second quality requirement is availability requirement. Availability requirement is important for this user group is because sales of Al-Seraj Hire Firm need to be available during working period. In other word, the system will need to be available when it is needed. For example, maintenance or patch of the system can only be done when there are no people that are using the system to prevent disruption of the sales flow. The third quality requirement is usability. The information that retrieves by the user from the system can be used or not. In other word, the user will need retrieves accurate information from the system. Sales and marketing user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user will need to be able to access into the stock management user group information and customer account user group information. This is because they need to identify whether the customer is a private or business customer and is the tool available and what is the price for it. Stock Management Stock Management user group is a user group which is responsible for managing stock in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. In other word, this user group is designed to maintain the availability of tool stock in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. There are two quality requirements for stock management user group. The first quality requirement is usability. The user of this user group will need the accurate information of the stock that is available in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. In other word, user need to get the real number of stock that is available to decide to restock or not. This is because other user group such as sales and marketing will also be able to change the value of the stock in the stock database. The second quality requirement is modifiability. User will need to be able to change the value or number of stock in the database through the system. In other word, user will add or modify the number of stock in the database via the system that is designed. Stock management user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user in this user group will need to be able to check for the number of stock that is available and restock it if it is not enough. Purchasing Purchasing user group is a user group which is responsible for purchasing new equipment brands based on Al-Seraj Hire Firm equipment categories. In other word, this user group is designed to purchase new equipment brands for the stock management user group. There is one quality requirement for purchasing user group. The quality requirement is modifiability. The user of this user group will need to be able to add in new equipment information into the database. For example, brand X information will be saved into the stock database. Purchasing user group is the low level user group in Al-Seraj Hire Firm. This is because user in this user group will need to be able to add in new equipment in the stock database. Limitation There are three limitations or design flaw in Al-Seraj Hire Firm system that is designed. The first limitation is only five user group can use the system. This is because the system is designed to be able to allow only five user groups to be using this system. The second limitation is online ordering transactions are not available. This is because the system is not designed to be to have a shopping cart. The third limitation is system doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t allow add in new membership categories. This is because the system is not design to allow user to add in new membership categories. The limitation can be changed in the future by adding new function in the system. Parallel Changeover Changeover is a method that is used to implement or install the system into an existing or new server. There are four types of changeover; direct changeover, parallel changeover, pilot changeover and phases changeover. The changeover method that can fulfil the requirement of Al-Seraj Hire Firm is parallel changeover. Less expensive. Lower risk of error or failures. The first part is stock management module and purchasing module. The second last part is customer account and sales and marketing. In the period of implementation, user acceptance test is given to check whether the system fulfil their requirement. Training is given if the system is accepted by the user.