Analysis of a research study article Descriptive Vividness Paper

Analysis of a study article Descriptive Vividness - Research Paper Example Actually the objective of the researchers was to find methods on how to implement a successful conversation on the part of the General Practitioners to urge patients to quit smoking. Descriptive Vividness The obvious thing which strikes the reader after reading the research paper is it vividness in description. The article starts with an abstract with gives a brief synopsis of the background, the methods, the results and the conclusion of the survey. The authors then proceed to describe each of these points in detail. The Background of the paper narrates the previous records of such surveys in cigarette smoking, the purpose of this survey, the sample population selected for the research and in general the theories deduced from previous surveys on cigarette smoking. The paper gives a brief overview of the method used (QCA) for deducing the results and goes on to describe the participants of the survey. This section enumerates how the interviewees were chosen from among the population and how ethical and legal permission was obtained for the survey. The paper then describes the interview process which was conducted in the participants’ home by the General Practitioner. ... The paper follows up the results a vivid discussion on the empirical results. This contains the analytical portion of the paper. The research ends with the Concluding part which presents the practical results of the survey in a nutshell. The role of the spouses and close associates in the life of a smoker is found to be very significant and can influence him to stop smoking. Also General Practitioners can become successful in encouraging their smoking patients to quit smoking, if they cite case studies from previous history. Therefore, the paper describes at length the entire research process. Methodological Congruence Tromso is a city on Northern Norway which housed 61,000 residents in 2001. The population of Tromso, which was above the age of sixty, was surveyed and it was discovered that 82% of the men and 53% of the women had been daily smokers at one point of time. Out of this, 23% of both the men and women still used to smoke. Thus, a large number of the population had stopped smoking. When the researchers wanted to discover methods to encourage people to stop smoking, the population of Tromso proved to be very suitable. Thus, it can be inferred that the sample population selected for the survey interview had the characteristics of being a good sample population. (Medbo, Melbye & Rudebeck 2011 p2) The surveyors designed as Interview Guide which outlined the general guidelines of the Interview Process. It did not follow a very strict format; instead the guidelines of the process were semi-structured. There are both advantages we well as disadvantages of such a format. There are some people who are comfortable answering a lenient form of interview, which is not based on a strict question format. Such people offer their honest opinions

Analysis and Summary of Health Risk information about Abilene Research Paper

Analysis and Summary of Health Risk information about Abilene Community - Research Paper Example From this population, the approximate number of people considered homeless is 625-1,875 per night. This is based on a formulae used by Housing and Urban Development to determine the number of homeless people in an area. Housing and Urban Development uses 0.5%-1.5% of the overall population to determine the number of homeless people. Local homeless population in Abilene has been determined to be around 1000 people. Hope Haven Incorporation confirms that the number of homeless people served and turned away every year is approximately 1000 (AHHI, n.d). Homelessness in Abilene is different from that observed in urban areas considering the living conditions and even the race. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless, in urban areas, most homeless people are African-American males. The definition of homelessness by the federal government and the perception of homelessness by the people also affect the face of homelessness in Abilene. Abilene is a semi-rural city with white sing le males as most of its homeless people. The federal government considers homelessness as lack of regular, fixed and enough night-time residence. Most people have the impression that homelessness is living on the streets or in shelters. In Abilene the homeless are likely to be hidden because it is a semi-rural city. In such areas, homeless people mostly live in make-shift lean-tos, abandoned houses or in automobiles. Under these conditions, the homeless lack water and electricity (Eiserer, n.d). Additionally, homeless people in semi-rural and rural areas are less likely to live in shelters or on the streets. Most of them live with their relatives in substandard or overcrowded housing (Eiserer, n.d). This status increases the number homelessness related diseases, especially when they go unrecognized. It increases the risk of infection and affects control of already existing diseases. Abilene community also has the problem of overcrowding in elementary schools. Abilene has been experi encing increased numbers of student enrolment over the years. This however, has not been accompanied by increased elementary educational facilities leading to overcrowding. Because of overcrowding, AISD has proposed a boundary rezoning that is expected to balance the number of students in different schools. Overcrowding is expected be eased at Jackson elementary school, overcrowding is expected to create more space at Ward Elementary, and increase enrolment at Reagan and Dyess. This rezoning is expected to affect Dyess, Jackson, Ward, Bassetti and Reagan Elementary schools (Powell, 2013). Overcrowding causes health problems both directly and indirectly. It enhances the spread of infectious diseases directly, and causes strain on existing facilities, which then cause various types of health problems and diseases. Community Health Nursing Diagnosis 1 Health Risk: Higher Prevalence or Existence of Homeless Diseases than expected The conditions of the houses that the homeless people liv e in are a contributing factor to their health status. Hope Haven Incorporation indicates that in a year, approximately 1000 homeless people are served or turned away (AHHI, n.d). This could be exclusive of other homeless people who could be living with their relatives, in abandoned houses, make-shift lean-tos and in automobiles among other areas. It means that the number of homeless people that the city planners and charity organizations are aware of could be more than 1000. Homeless people suffer from various diseases such as tooth decay, trauma, respiratory infections, vision disturbances, trauma, sexually transmitted diseases, substance abuse,

Auditing research paper on Apple Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auditing research paper on Apple Inc - Essay Example Another notable strategy that Apple has adopted is product diversification. Some notable quality brands that the company has initiated in the market include Macbook, Mac pro, Mac Mini, iPad, iPod such as iPod Nano and iPod Touch, iPhone, and Apple TV among others. Apple, which was established by the three pioneers in 1976, established its production lines in 1970s by introducing Apple III product in its effort to face the competitors including Microsoft and IBM. The company went public in 1980 whereby it sold its share at $22. Another notable aspect that made Apple to enjoy strong support from the consumers was the rebranding strategy initiated by Steve Jobs. For example, in 2007, Steve noted that the company, which was referred to as Apple Computer, Inc, would be known as Apple Inc, due to the shifting of the company activities to mobile devices from emphasizes on computers. As the result, Apple TV and iPhone were launched in the market. Despite the death of Steve in 2011, the company in its post-Jobs era has introduced quite a number of competitive brands such as iPhone 5, fouth generation Ipad, OSX Mavericks and seventh iOS As mentioned earlier, Apple is an information technology company with wide range of products that it sells in the international market. Apart from the smartphone, computer software and mobile devices the company produces, it has introduced Apple watch in its brand portfolio. The smartwatch, which was launched in 2014, is used together with an iPhone for it to work effectively. Apple has a culture of developing an ecosystem of suppliers who offer assistance to the company and who supports their business activities. Through the procurement website, Apple requires that all the suppliers must meet the highest standard of their services and goods. In addition, the suppliers are required to be very committed just like Apple on the matters of social responsibility. The suppliers are also required to notice the dynamic and

Data Communications and Networking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Communications and Networking - Assignment Example NFC is mainly known as contact less communication and is often valued as user friendly software since it reduces the risk factor of caring the cash, Debit and Credit Cards by making payment via phones. It is in this context that the retail industry mainly uses the PCI-DSS system incorporated with the NFC technology to increase the security value of the customers’ transactions (Times Internet Limited, â€Å"What is NFC and why is it in your phone?†). Bring Your Own Devices (BOYD) or Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT) is a strategy to sanction the staff members and undergraduates to use their technological devices. There are many organizations where a majority of employees are permitted to use their personal technical devices such as mobiles and laptops, which is an apparent example of the BYOT strategy. The benefits of using BYOT policy in the work place has proved very economic, creative in nature, as it helps to increase individual employee satisfaction. However, these policy measures also have its limitations and risks, identifiable in terms of diminished concentration of employees on work and wastage of productive hours within the organization. In order to mitigate this particular challenge, organizations must motivate employees intrinsically, whereby they will be able to align their personal goals with that of the organisation’s and use their own devices for the organizational benefit (Eschelbeck and Schwartzberg 1-7). â€Å"What is NFC and why is it in your phone?.† Times Internet Limited. 2013 Web.22 Sep. 2014.

Letter of Introduction Essay Example for Free

Letter of Introduction Essay Dear Chef Blaylock, I want thank you accepting me into this program. Im also very excited to learn new things about cooking. Being in this class will help me a lot later on in my goal of becoming a chef. I cook for my family and friends but I know that there are still a lot of things about cooking that I dont know and would love to learn in this class. see more:want to be a chef I chose to be in this culinary arts program because I know that I want to be a chef when Im older, and I wanted to start my education as soon as I could. I want to be a chef because I would get to cook every day and I can cook so many different things, so I wont be doing the same thing every day. By being in this class I hope to learn how to incorporate different foods together in a good way. I would also like to improve on my knife skills, and overall have a faster pace in cooking things. I like that this class is hands on. Im not very good at taking notes or doing assignments, which makes this program perfect for me because Im cooking almost everyday in here. I dont have a lot of experience in cooking other that me cooking for my family. I watch and helping my mom cook, its interesting because she can get very creative with food, I learn a lot from her. There are many skills I want to gain from being in this class, like the proper way to use knifes and use them fast and effective. I will gain a better perspective on the way things work together in a dish. I will also learn how to cook food properly for someone in a certain amount of time. This class is my favorite part of my day. It makes me excited to wake up in the morning knowing that I can come here and cook food for people to buy and eat. I love that people are eating the food that Im learning on. Knowing that people are eating the food i make puts a smile on my face and keeps me happy throughout the day. My goal is to become an executive chef in a really nice restaurant, so that I can make food for people and share my happiness through the food I make. Sincerly, Robin Komora

Role of Triage in Emergency Care

Role of Triage in Emergency Care OVERVIEW There is a consensus on the fact that there has been a significant increase in traffic to emergency rooms which has resulted in rapidly growing demand on the limited resources of emergency rooms worldwide. In 1980, there were more than 82 million visit to hospital Emergency rooms in the USA, and a large percentage were for non urgent medical conditions. One reason for this trend is that people know they can get medical attention immediately in the Emergency departments without the long wait for appointments. This has led to very high load of patients visit to emergency rooms; a pattern that holds true globally for non urgent patient visits to most pediatric emergency rooms ( Wilson FO etal ). Another reason given for overcrowding is the increase rural to urban migration of populations and also the increase in the standard of care provided in most emergency room. However, the resulting increase in demand for emergency medical care has not been matched by availability of resources in most healthcare systems and hence there is need for emergency room managers to adopt or develop tools and protocols to prioritize the urgency and acuity of conditions to allocate appropriate level of care. If this is not done, then there is a likelihood that very ill patients may end up waiting long hours with increased risk of morbidity and some may even die as a result of delay in life saving treatment or interventions. (Mirjam van veen and Harriette a Moll) DEFINITION Triage as a term actually originates from the French verb ‘trier’, which translates ‘to sort’. It was originally used by the military as a concept to deal with large number of casualties managed by very few human and material resources. The decision is made to prioritize who had the best chance of survival, and what level of care for the survivors (LE Slay,WG Rislan ) In the last 20 years, this concept has become applicable in response to the increasing traffic to the emergency rooms and several tools have been developed to assess, prioritize and sort patients coming to the emergency department according to a determined severity of illness or injury, the level of suffering, the likely prognosis and need for intervention with available resources. It must be clarified, that triage in itself is not a diagnostic tool but a systematically structured and methodical way of assessing the severity of patients conditions to determine their clinical priorities using their presenting symptoms and measurable physiological parameters and it aims to optimize the provision of emergency care efficiently to produce the best outcome for every patient by channeling patients to appropriate level and quality of care. Hence the factors that are considered are severity of illness, level of urgency and impact of life saving intervention to reduce mortality, as well as level of care needed baring limited resources. These factors can be measured objectively using mortality rate, number of admissions to critical care unit and wards as well as patients referred to low urgency care services. The development of different assessment scoring systems and other pediatric-specific scales were attempts to have an objective approach to the assessment of severity acuity and to help predict illness or injury outcomes in children. Hence the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, the Yale Observation Scale, the Pediatric Trauma Score, the PRISM score (Pediatric Risk of Mortality score), different pain scales and various respiratory severity scoring systems were all attempts to provide common nomenclature and standardize the assessment of severity of sickness and to predict prognosis in the pediatric age group. However in practice the emergency room triage nurse needs a comprehensive, simple and efficient acuity stratificaton of the severity, to make rapid and effective decisions(Dieckmann, 2002). These led to development of various decision making tools or triage scales. Gerber Zimmerman and McNair had tried to described triage as simply a rating of patients clinical urgency, that eventually evolved into 2 levels of urgent, and non urgent. Triage scales are hence developed with the aim to rapidly identify very urgent cases requiring immediate or urgent life saving treatment, or efficiently direct them to appropriate level of care, and the variations of triage scales are due to functional differences in service provision as well as availability of resources. Though there is no fail proof scale of stratification because invariably cultural adaptations, level of sophistication of data collection, personal and environmental factors do influence every measurement tool. (Christ et al 2010 as per Azeredo et al) Fittzgerald in his doctoral thesis in 1989, showed it is actually a far more complex decision making tool using defined criteria to classify patients as either a simple 3, 4 or 5 level urgency scale, pioneering the objective distinction of the earlier urgency scales(Fitzgerald GT. Emergency department triage. Department of Medicine. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland, 1989.) TRIAGE IN CHILDREN Laskowski-Jones and Salati (2000) had strongly elucidated that children should not be seen as little adults and must not be treated as such by healthcare professionals. This is because of obvious anatomical, physiological, as well as emotional and intellectual differences between children and adults which directly alter the presentation of this group of patients in the emergency department[Laskowski-Jones]. This makes it inapplicable to use adult triage criteria for children of pediatric age due to unique clinic-pathological characteristics that creates the potential for sudden and rapid deterioration when children present to the Emergency department, creating an absolute necesity for very accurate focused triage. There are evidence that in mixed emergency departments, adults tend to ‘be seen earlier than equally ill children resulting in unacceptable waiting times for very ill children, therefore again creating a need for specific pediatric triage scales.(Cain P, Waldrop RD, Jones J; improved pediatric patient flow in a general emergency department by altering triage criteria. Acad Emerg Med 3:65-71, 1996) The UKs Manchester Triage Systems MTS, the USAs Emergency Severity Index ESI, the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale CTAS, and the Australian(National ) Triage Scale, the most widely used triage scales and by consensus the most studied were all eventually modified to contain specific parts for children, are all also made of five level of triage urgencies (van Veen and Moll) It is important to note that none of them had been developed ‘de novo’ specifically for the pediatric age group. The initial three-level systems which predominated in the United States typically used either levels 1, 2, and 3 or emergent–urgent–nonurgent classification assignments. These methods are driven by the underlying question, ‘‘How long can patients wait?’’ When evaluated, these three-level methods had been found to be highly unreliable and have been criticized because they lack validation with clinical outcomes. (Travers DA, Waller AE, Bowling JM, Flowers D,) The 5-level scales provided a better discriminated tool for pediatric patient triage in emergency department, which was shown to be more efficient in predicting resources utilizations including hospital admissions, length of stay, and resourse utilization.(Chang, Hsu) Though 5-level scales are similar to the adults, but they have pediatric clinic-pathological parameters. Level 1 is critical, level 2 is emergent, level 3 is urgent, level 4 is non-urgent and level 5 is fast track.(O’Neil KA, Molczan K: Pediatric triage: a tier, 5-level system in the United States. Pediatr Emerg Care 19:285-290, 2003) The MTS is a five-level scale that incorporates the UK National Triage Scale. It was developed in 1996 and then revised ten years later after thorough input by various experts.(Mackway-Jones et al 2006). Though it was designed predominantly for adults, the MTS eventually adapted six flow charts that relate specifically to children and hence in 2007 it became endorsed by the Royal College of Pediatrics and Child Health. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN? What is already established is that the true functional capability of an effective triage system is determined by their reliability and validity. Reliability is measured as both inter rater reliability which is a measure of the agreement between two or more separate individuals using the same scale. It is an affirmation that the agreement is beyond that presented by chance, and this can be statistically determined and analyzed using Cohen’s kappa k. Where K is equal to 1 if the raters are in perfect agreement, and K is equal to 0 if their agreement is absolutely by chance. So k is rated from 0.1-0.9 ( as poor to excellent agreement). Intra rater reliability measures the agreement of one triage rater agreeing on the same level of urgency when two different cases of same scenario present on separate occasions. Validity is a determination that a conclusion of a true urgency is in fact the true value for every clinical presentation. Whereas internal validity measures of the ability of the triage system to predict this true urgency within a system, external validity measures its reproducibility in a different setting. Hence experts agree that any triage has to have these characteristics to be seen as a legitimate tool of assessment and to perform as intended [Fernandez C]. It is also known that the four major triage scales, the MTS, ESI, CTAS, and ATS have been studied and validated for both internal validity and reliability in adults and have been used in ED triage by different health institutions. Some studies reported that the MTS and the Pediatric-CTAS both seem to be valid and reliable to triage children in pediatric emergency care. (Ma, Gafni and Goldman)This has been confirmed by van Veen and Moll in another review in 2009. The CTAS enables rapid stratification of patients at the time of first encounter based on 5 levels of urgency (risk and symptom severity). Each level has a targeted waiting period until the patient is examined by the doctor or to be reassessed again in the triage area to consider the possibility of waiting longer or to be seen immediately by the physician. The standards recommended by CTAS is that waiting time is 0 minutes for level 1, 15 minutes for level 2, 30 minutes for level 3, 60 minutes for level 4, and 120 minutes for level 5. (Murray M, Bullard M, Grafstein E; CTAS National Working Group; CEDIS National Working Group. Revisions to the Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale implementation guidelines. CJEM 2004, 6: 421-427.)

Wars Between Spain And France :: essays research papers

The wars between England and Spain was a shifting of power in Europe. A cause of the wars was the imprisonment and execution of Mary Stuart Queen of Scots. The Netherlands wanting to break away from Spain was a cause of the war. Elizabeth sending aid and troops to the Netherlands was another cause of the war. Mary Stuart was the direct heir of Scotland. She was a Catholic. Many people in England wanted to see Mary the Queen and make England a Catholic nation. This worried Queen Elizabeth and had Mary put under house arrest for nineteen years. There were many plots made trying to assassinate Queen Elizabeth involving Mary. The final plot called the Babington plot had enough proof to convict Mary and execute her. Queen Elizabeth knew the consequences this would create throughout the Catholic world. And this was the last straw between Spain and England. The Netherlands wanted to abolish the control Spain had over their nation. They wanted to get rid of the Spanish Inquisition. Two-hundred nobles, in the Netherlands, formed a league, and they petitioned King Philip II not to use the Spanish Inquisition. He refused and a revolt broke out. William of Orange led the united seventeen provinces of the Netherlands against Spanish authority. Queen Elizabeth lent aid to the Netherlands in their war with Spain. She sent over 6000 troops in 1585. Don Juan became the general of the Netherlands and planned an invasion. After Don Juan's death the Union of Utrecht was formed breaking the solid front of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands. When Spain tried to invade England they were defeated. The great Spanish Armada was beat by small, quick fleet of English and Dutch ships. English and Dutch pirates raid the Spanish ships also. The weather played a role in the war. A bad storm wiped out many ships of the Armada. England gained a great deal from this battle with Spain.